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Figures of Speech in English Literature

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Chiasmus

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A rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form.

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Euphemism

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A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

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Anaphora

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The deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence for artistic effect.

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Assonance

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In poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non-rhyming stressed syllables.

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Metaphor

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A figure of speech that directly compares one thing to another for rhetorical effect.

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Apostrophe

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A figure of speech in which the poet addresses an absent person, an abstract idea, or a thing.

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Alliteration

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The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

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Allusion

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A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance.

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Litotes

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A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite.

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Zeugma

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A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses.

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Simile

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A figure of speech that compares two different things by using the connecting words 'like' or 'as'.

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Anastrophe

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The inversion of the usual order of words or clauses.

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Personification

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Attribution of personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman.

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Hyperbole

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An exaggerated statement or claim not meant to be taken literally.

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Irony

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The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, for humorous or emphatic effect.

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Antithesis

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A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.

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Consonance

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The recurrence of similar consonant sounds, especially at the end of stressed syllables.

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Oxymoron

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A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.

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Pun

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A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.

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Metonymy

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A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.

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Onomatopoeia

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The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.

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Synecdoche

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A literary device in which a part of something represents the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part.

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Epiphora

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Also known as epistrophe; the repeated use of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences.

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Paradox

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A statement that, despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory.

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Epanalepsis

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The repetition of the initial part of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence.

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