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Figures of Speech in English Literature
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Chiasmus
A rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form.
Euphemism
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
Anaphora
The deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence for artistic effect.
Assonance
In poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non-rhyming stressed syllables.
Metaphor
A figure of speech that directly compares one thing to another for rhetorical effect.
Apostrophe
A figure of speech in which the poet addresses an absent person, an abstract idea, or a thing.
Alliteration
The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
Allusion
A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance.
Litotes
A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite.
Zeugma
A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses.
Simile
A figure of speech that compares two different things by using the connecting words 'like' or 'as'.
Anastrophe
The inversion of the usual order of words or clauses.
Personification
Attribution of personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman.
Hyperbole
An exaggerated statement or claim not meant to be taken literally.
Irony
The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, for humorous or emphatic effect.
Antithesis
A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.
Consonance
The recurrence of similar consonant sounds, especially at the end of stressed syllables.
Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.
Pun
A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.
Metonymy
A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
Onomatopoeia
The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.
Synecdoche
A literary device in which a part of something represents the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part.
Epiphora
Also known as epistrophe; the repeated use of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences.
Paradox
A statement that, despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory.
Epanalepsis
The repetition of the initial part of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence.
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