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Major Philosophers and Their Ideas
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Plato
Theory of Forms, Allegory of the Cave, Philosopher-King
Aristotle
Virtue ethics, Syllogism, Four causes
Immanuel Kant
Categorical Imperative, Transcendental idealism, Critiques of Pure Reason and Practical Reason
David Hume
Empiricism, Skepticism, Naturalism
Simone de Beauvoir
Existential feminism, The Second Sex, Ethics of Ambiguity
Michel Foucault
Power-knowledge, Discourse analysis, Bio-politics
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Monads, Pre-established harmony, Principle of sufficient reason
René Descartes
Cogito, ergo sum; Cartesian Dualism; Method of Doubt
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan, Social contract, State of nature
Baruch Spinoza
Pantheism, Ethica, Substance monism
Arthur Schopenhauer
Pessimism, The World as Will and Representation, The will to life
Søren Kierkegaard
Existentialism, Leap of faith, Three stages of life
John Locke
Tabula rasa, Social contract theory, Property rights
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Dialectical method, Absolute Idealism, Master-slave dialectic
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
General will, Social contract, Noble savage
Thomas Aquinas
Scholasticism, Natural law, Summa Theologica
Confucius
Confucianism, The Analects, Five virtues
Friedrich Nietzsche
Will to power, Übermensch, God is dead
Karl Marx
Marxism, Class struggle, Historical materialism
Socrates
Socratic method, Ethical philosophy, Eudaimonia
Albert Camus
Absurdism, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Stranger
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Language games, Picture theory of language, Logical atomism
Laozi
Taoism, Tao Te Ching, Wu Wei
Martin Heidegger
Dasein, Being and Time, Question of Being
Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialism, Being and Nothingness, Existence precedes essence
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