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Important 20th Century Essays
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The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
Tom Wolfe; This non-fiction work portrays the psychedelic experiences of Ken Kesey and his band of Merry Pranksters, who traveled across the U.S. in a colorfully painted bus.
The Wretched of the Earth
Frantz Fanon; The book, which includes essays on the decolonization process, argues for the necessity of revolutionary struggle against colonial rule.
The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan; This work challenges the notion that women could only find fulfillment through homemaking and motherhood, sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century.
The Souls of Black Folk
W.E.B. Du Bois; This seminal work in African-American literature combines history and sociology to reflect on the problem of race and the quest for progress since the Emancipation Proclamation.
The White Album
Joan Didion; In this collection of essays, Didion explores the myths and narratives of American culture and her own personal stories during the 1960s and 1970s.
Politics and the English Language
George Orwell; Orwell criticizes the ugly and inaccurate written English of his time, and argues for the use of plain English.
No Logo
Naomi Klein; The central thesis criticizes brand-focused consumer culture and the operations of large corporations, accusing them of cultural appropriation and of hawking their ideologies.
Against Interpretation
Susan Sontag; This essay criticizes the practice of interpreting art, arguing that in our overly-intellectualist culture, content has become overly emphasized at the expense of the form of the aesthetic experience itself.
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson; The book presents an indictment of DDT and other pesticides, predicting devastating consequences for the environment and linking them to health problems in humans.
The Responsibility of Intellectuals
Noam Chomsky; Chomsky argues that intellectuals have a moral duty to use their privileged status to challenge unjust state power and to expose the lies of governments.
The Power Elite
C. Wright Mills; The essay examines the structure of power in American society, defining and critiquing the actions of the consolidated power community composed of the military, corporate, and political elites.
An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'
Chinua Achebe; This essay criticizes Joseph Conrad as being a 'thoroughgoing racist' and 'Heart of Darkness' as dehumanizing Africans.
Slouching Towards Bethlehem
Joan Didion; In the title essay, Didion reflects on the culture of California in the late 1960s, capturing its social fragmentation and moral chaos.
The Myth of Sisyphus
Albert Camus; The essay introduces his philosophy of the absurd and man's futile search for meaning, unity, and clarity.
Nature and Selected Essays
Ralph Waldo Emerson; Across these essays, Emerson lays out his philosophy of transcendentalism, conveying the belief in the inherent goodness of both nature and humankind.
Consider the Lobster
David Foster Wallace; This collection of essays, highlighted by the title piece, considers the ethics of boiling a creature alive in order to enhance the consumer's pleasure, questioning mainstream gourmandise.
The End of History?
Francis Fukuyama; This essay argues that the end of the Cold War might signal the endpoint of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy.
Orientalism
Edward Said; In this foundational text for postcolonial studies, Said examines how the West perceives the East, critiquing the patronizing Western attitudes towards Middle Eastern, Asian, and North African societies.
Godzilla vs. the Giant Scissors: Cutting the Antiwar Heart Out of a Classic
Susan Sontag; Sontag argues that the re-editing and Americanization of the Japanese film 'Gojira' into 'Godzilla, King of the Monsters!' stripped the movie of its original anti-nuclear message.
Notes of a Native Son
James Baldwin; It’s a collection of previously published essays that tell of Baldwin's experiences with racism and his observations on American society.
The Death of the Author
Roland Barthes; The essay argues that the interpretation of a text should not be limited by the author's intentions, and instead, the reader's role is essential in giving a text meaning.
A Room of One's Own
Virginia Woolf; This essay argues that women must have a fixed income and a room of their own if they are to write fiction with creative freedom and authority.
The Fire Next Time
James Baldwin; This essay is a powerful contemplation on race in America, critiquing the way society perpetuates racism and calling for change.
The Second Sex
Simone de Beauvoir; This extensive essay examines the treatment of women throughout history and is foundational to contemporary feminism, introducing the concept that 'One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.'
The Two Cultures
C.P. Snow; The essay criticizes the divide between the sciences and the humanities, arguing it is a major hindrance to solving the world's problems.
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