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20th Century Music Innovations
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Electronic Music
Music created or modified through electronic means, often using synthesizers and computers. Associated with Karlheinz Stockhausen.
Indeterminacy
Music where some aspect of a performance is not precisely specified, leaving it to be interpreted by the performer. Associated with John Cage.
Tone Clusters
A musical chord comprising groups of notes with adjacent pitches. Often played with the fist, forearm or other body parts. Associated with Henry Cowell.
Graphic Notation
Visual symbols and illustrations used to represent music, rather than traditional music notation. Associated with Morton Feldman.
Microtonal Music
Music using intervals smaller than the traditional semitone. Associated with Harry Partch.
Serialism
A method of composition using series of pitches, rhythms, dynamics, timbres, or other musical elements. Associated with Arnold Schoenberg.
Extended Techniques
Unconventional, unorthodox, or non-traditional methods of singing or playing musical instruments. Associated with Krzysztof Penderecki.
Spectral Music
Music that focuses on the acoustic properties of sound, especially the spectrum of overtones, rather than traditional melody or harmony. Associated with Gérard Grisey.
Minimalism
Characterized by the use of repetition and gradual process, often with a focus on consonance. Associated with Steve Reich.
Chance Music
Also known as aleatoric music, it introduces elements of randomness into the composition or performance. Associated with John Cage.
Quotation Music
Incorporates direct quotes from other sources, often used as a structural or conceptual element. Associated with Luciano Berio.
Sprechgesang
A vocal technique that falls between singing and speaking. Associated with Arnold Schoenberg.
Polytonality
Using two or more keys simultaneously. Associated with Darius Milhaud.
Cross Rhythms
The simultaneous use of contrasting rhythmic patterns, which can sometimes result in syncopation or polyrhythms. Associated with Igor Stravinsky.
Electronic Manipulation of Acoustic Instruments
The modification or alteration of the sound of acoustic instruments using electronic means. Associated with Mario Davidovsky.
Música Concreta
Music composed by assembling recorded sounds, often natural or industrial in origin, into a montage. Associated with Pierre Schaeffer.
Prepared Piano
A piano that has had objects placed on or between the strings, altering its sound. Associated with John Cage.
Klangfarbenmelodie
A technique that involves splitting a musical line or melody between several instruments, adding color and texture. Associated with Arnold Schoenberg.
Polystylism
The use of multiple styles or techniques in a single composition. Associated with Alfred Schnittke.
Aleatoric Counterpoint
A form of counterpoint in which the elements of music, such as pitch or rhythm, are subject to chance. Associated with Witold Lutosławski.
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