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Characterized by the use of repetition and gradual process, often with a focus on consonance. Associated with Steve Reich.

A musical chord comprising groups of notes with adjacent pitches. Often played with the fist, forearm or other body parts. Associated with Henry Cowell.

Also known as aleatoric music, it introduces elements of randomness into the composition or performance. Associated with John Cage.

Using two or more keys simultaneously. Associated with Darius Milhaud.

Music composed by assembling recorded sounds, often natural or industrial in origin, into a montage. Associated with Pierre Schaeffer.

A vocal technique that falls between singing and speaking. Associated with Arnold Schoenberg.

Music created or modified through electronic means, often using synthesizers and computers. Associated with Karlheinz Stockhausen.

The use of multiple styles or techniques in a single composition. Associated with Alfred Schnittke.

Incorporates direct quotes from other sources, often used as a structural or conceptual element. Associated with Luciano Berio.

A piano that has had objects placed on or between the strings, altering its sound. Associated with John Cage.

Music that focuses on the acoustic properties of sound, especially the spectrum of overtones, rather than traditional melody or harmony. Associated with Gérard Grisey.

A form of counterpoint in which the elements of music, such as pitch or rhythm, are subject to chance. Associated with Witold Lutosławski.

The simultaneous use of contrasting rhythmic patterns, which can sometimes result in syncopation or polyrhythms. Associated with Igor Stravinsky.

A technique that involves splitting a musical line or melody between several instruments, adding color and texture. Associated with Arnold Schoenberg.

A method of composition using series of pitches, rhythms, dynamics, timbres, or other musical elements. Associated with Arnold Schoenberg.

Music where some aspect of a performance is not precisely specified, leaving it to be interpreted by the performer. Associated with John Cage.

Visual symbols and illustrations used to represent music, rather than traditional music notation. Associated with Morton Feldman.

Music using intervals smaller than the traditional semitone. Associated with Harry Partch.

Unconventional, unorthodox, or non-traditional methods of singing or playing musical instruments. Associated with Krzysztof Penderecki.