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Musical Notation Basics

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Alto Clef

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A symbol indicating that the third line from the bottom of the staff represents middle C.

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Pianissimo

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A dynamic marking that indicates the music should be played very softly.

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Stem

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The vertical line attached to the note head that indicates the note's duration and, in conjunction with beams, helps to show the rhythm.

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Beam

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A horizontal line connecting the stems of two or more eighth notes and other similarly valued notes in sequence.

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Natural

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A symbol that cancels a previous sharp or flat within a measure.

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Accent

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An articulation marking that indicates a note should be played with more force and emphasis than those around it.

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Da Capo (D.C.)

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An Italian term meaning 'from the beginning' used as an instruction to repeat the previous part of the music from its start.

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Dynamics

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A term which refers to the volume of a sound or note and the changes in volume experienced within a piece of music.

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Fortissimo

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A dynamic marking that indicates the music should be played very loudly.

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Legato

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A term indicating that musical notes are to be played smoothly and connected without any breaks.

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Trill

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A musical term that indicates a rapid alternation between the specified note and the next higher note within its duration.

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Mordent

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A musical ornamentation where the principal note is rapidly alternated with the note below.

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Diminuendo

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A directive to gradually decrease the volume of the music.

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Dal Segno (D.S.)

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An Italian term meaning 'from the sign' used to instruct the player to repeat from the nearest segno before proceeding.

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Piano

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A dynamic marking that indicates the music should be played softly.

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Bass Clef

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A symbol indicating that the fourth line from the bottom of the staff represents the pitch F below middle C.

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Sharp

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A symbol that raises the pitch of a note by one half step.

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Staccato

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An articulation marking that indicates a note should be played shorter than its notated duration, usually half, giving it a detached sound.

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Mezzo Piano

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A dynamic marking that indicates the music should be played moderately soft.

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Key Signature

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A group of sharps or flats placed after the clef at the beginning of each line of music that indicates the key of the music.

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Fine

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An Italian word that appears in music notation indicating the end of a composition or a section of it.

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Forte

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A dynamic marking that indicates the music should be played loudly.

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Glissando

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A musical term indicating that a series of notes should be played in a continuous sliding motion from one pitch to another.

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Half Note

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A note symbol with a duration of two beats in common time.

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Eighth Note

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A note symbol with a duration of half a beat in common time.

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Tie

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A curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, indicating they should be played as a single note with their durations added together.

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Turn

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An ornament that consists of four notes that make a turn above and below the principal note, which is hit last.

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Ledger Line

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A short line added for notes above or below the range of a staff.

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Whole Note

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A note symbol with a duration of four beats in common time.

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Time Signature

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Two numbers, one on top of the other, at the beginning of the staff that indicate the number of beats in a measure and what note value is equal to one beat.

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Segno

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A sign used in musical notation to mark a repeat from a particular point, indicated by a symbol with an 'S' shape.

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Staff

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Five horizontal lines and four spaces that represent different pitches in musical notation.

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Tenor Clef

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A symbol indicating that the fourth line from the bottom of the staff represents middle C.

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Treble Clef

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A symbol indicating that the second line from the bottom of the staff represents the pitch G above middle C.

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Bar Line

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A vertical line through the stave that divides the music into measures or bars.

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Quarter Note

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A note symbol with a duration of one beat in common time.

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Repeat Sign

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A sign that indicates a section should be repeated, consisting of a double bar line with two dots.

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Sforzando

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A dynamic marking that indicates a sudden, sharp accent on a note or chord.

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Breath Mark

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An indication in the music for the player to take a breath or for a slight pause.

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Fermata

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A symbol placed above a note or rest to indicate it should be held longer than its normal duration.

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Flat

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A symbol that lowers the pitch of a note by one half step.

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Sixteenth Note

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A note symbol with a duration of a quarter of a beat in common time.

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Dotted Note

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A note symbol with a dot that increases the duration of the basic note by half of its original value.

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Slur

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A curved line that indicates a group of notes should be played legato, or smoothly and connected.

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Double Bar Line

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Two vertical lines that signify the end of a section of music or the end of a piece.

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Coda

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A passage that brings a piece of music to an end, often using a symbol resembling a target.

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Caesura

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A symbol indicating a brief, silent pause, during which time is not counted.

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Crescendo

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A directive to gradually increase the volume of the music.

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Mezzo Forte

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A dynamic marking that indicates the music should be played moderately loud.

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Arpeggio

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A musical term instructing to play the notes of a chord consecutively in a sequence, rather than simultaneously.

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Grace Note

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An extra note added as an embellishment and not essential to the harmony or melody, played quickly before the main note of a piece of music.

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