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Romantic Era Composers
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Modest Mussorgsky
Notable works include Pictures at an Exhibition, Night on Bald Mountain, and the opera Boris Godunov. He was a member of 'The Five' and aimed to achieve a Russian musical identity free from Western influence.
Giuseppe Verdi
Notable works include operas Aida, La Traviata, and Rigoletto. His contribution to music includes refining the opera form, particularly through his depiction of vivid characters and dramatic narratives.
Hector Berlioz
Notable works include Symphonie fantastique, Grande messe des morts, and Les Troyens. He advanced the development of the symphony orchestra and was a pioneer of program music.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Notable works include The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, and Symphony No. 6 'Pathétique'. He contributed to both the ballet genre and programmatic symphonic music.
Anton Bruckner
Notable works include his Symphony No. 7, Symphony No. 8, and Te Deum. He is known for his monumental symphonies and his contributions to sacred music.
Felix Mendelssohn
Notable works include the overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, the Scottish Symphony, and the Violin Concerto in E minor. His contribution includes the revival of interest in Bach's music and his work as a composer, pianist, and conductor.
Antonio Carlos Gomes
Notable works include the operas Il Guarany and Lo Schiavo. He was the first New World composer to be accepted by Europe and is known for his operatic works.
Johannes Brahms
Notable works include Symphony No. 4, German Requiem, and Hungarian Dances. He is known for his mastery of symphonic and sonata forms and his conservative approach to composition.
Gustav Mahler
Notable works include Symphony No. 2 'Resurrection', Symphony No. 5, and Kindertotenlieder. His contributions include expanding the scope and scale of the symphonic form, incorporating vocal music into symphonies.
Franz Liszt
Notable works include Hungarian Rhapsodies, Liebesträume No. 3, and the Sonata in B minor. His contributions include innovating piano technique and the symphonic poem.
Peter Cornelius
Notable works include The Barber of Baghdad and a collection of art songs. He contributed to the development of opera and art song with a focus on careful text setting and innovative harmony.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Notable works include Symphony No. 9, Moonlight Sonata, and Fidelio. His contributions include the development of the symphonic form and bridging the Classical and Romantic eras.
Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Notable works include Scheherazade, Capriccio Espagnol, and the Russian Easter Festival Overture. He was a master of orchestration and a member of the Russian composer group known as 'The Five'.
Alexander Borodin
Notable works include Prince Igor, In the Steppes of Central Asia, and Symphony No. 2. He was part of 'The Five' and contributed by incorporating Russian traditional music into his compositions.
Frédéric Chopin
Notable works include Nocturnes, Ballades, and Polonaises. He made significant contributions to piano music and is known for his expressive use of the instrument.
Antonín Dvořák
Notable works include Symphony No. 9 'From the New World', Cello Concerto in B minor, and 'American' String Quartet. He brought American folk music influences into the realm of symphonic and chamber music.
Camille Saint-Saëns
Notable works include Carnival of the Animals, Danse Macabre, and Symphony No. 3 'Organ'. His contributions include a range of musical forms from opera to symphony, showcasing both traditional and innovative elements.
Franz Schubert
Notable works include Ave Maria, Symphony No. 8 'Unfinished', and 'Death and the Maiden' String Quartet. He contributed many lieder and helped popularize the art song genre.
Edvard Grieg
Notable works include Peer Gynt Suite, Piano Concerto in A minor, and Lyric Pieces. He contributed to national identity in music with his use of Norwegian folk elements.
César Franck
Notable works include Symphony in D minor, Panis Angelicus, and Violin Sonata in A. His contributions include pioneering cyclical structure and development of harmonic language.
Bedřich Smetana
Notable works include Má vlast, The Bartered Bride, and Moldau. He is celebrated for creating a national style of music through his incorporation of Czech folk themes.
Robert Schumann
Notable works include Carnaval, Kinderszenen, and the Piano Concerto in A minor. His contributions to the lied and his advocacy of new composers are significant.
Clara Schumann
Notable works include Piano Concerto in A minor, Trio for Piano, Violin, and Cello, and numerous character pieces for piano. She was a virtuoso pianist, composer, and one of the most distinguished figures of the Romantic era.
Richard Wagner
Notable works include The Ring Cycle, Tristan und Isolde, and The Valkyrie. He contributed to the development of the leitmotif and the Gesamtkunstwerk ('total work of art').
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