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Sampling involves taking a portion of a sound recording and reusing it in a different song or context. It’s a foundational technique in hip-hop and electronic music, often used to reference and repurpose existing music.

The ADSR envelope—Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release—shapes the temporal characteristics of a sound in synthesis and sampling. It is essential in electronic music production for controlling how sounds evolve over time after being triggered.

Reverb is an effect that simulates the sound reflections from surfaces in a space, adding a sense of depth or atmosphere to recordings. It's commonly used on vocals and instruments in popular music to create a richer sound.

Multitrack recording is the process of recording each instrument or vocal part on a separate track. This allows for greater control during mixing and is a standard technique in modern music production.

Synthesis is the process of creating sounds using electronic equipment or software. This technique is fundamental to electronic music and pop, where synthetic textures form the basis of many tracks.

Side-chain compression uses the audio signal from one track to control the compressor on another, typically used to make the bass 'pump' in time with the kick drum in dance music.

Auto-Tune is a pitch correction tool that automatically tunes vocals to the correct pitch, often used to correct off-pitch singing or to achieve the distinctive robotic vocal effect popularized in modern music.

Delay is an effect that repeats audio after a brief period of time, creating an echo or a fuller sound. It is often used on vocals and guitar lines in popular music for a spaciously textured effect.

Distortion adds a 'gritty' or 'fuzzy' quality to the audio signal by altering its waveform, often used in rock and electronic music to give guitars, bass, or even vocals a more aggressive tone.

Looping is the repeating of a section of sound material. It's a common practice in modern music production, creating a consistent rhythmic backdrop or building layers in a composition.

A gate is a dynamic range effect that silences audio signals below a set threshold, used to eliminate background noise or create staccato effects in electronic and pop music.

Panning is the distribution of a sound signal into a new stereo or multi-channel sound field. It is crucial for creating a wide, immersive audio experience in popular music, allowing different instruments to occupy distinct spatial positions.

EQ involves adjusting the balance of frequencies in an audio signal to enhance or reduce certain elements of the sound. It’s used extensively in popular music production to clean up tracks and mix elements together seamlessly.

Bitcrushing is a form of distortion that reduces the bit depth of digital audio, creating a lo-fi, gritty texture. This effect is popular in EDM and hip-hop for giving a retro or edgy quality to sound.

Quantization aligns musical notes to the nearest grid point corresponding to a particular rhythmic value, used to correct timing errors and tighten up performances in digital music production.

Flanging is an audio effect that mixes two identical signals together, with one signal delayed by a small, gradually changing period. This produces a distinctive swirling sound effect used in psychedelic and electronic music.

A vocoder is a device or plugin that synthesizes the human voice, often meshing vocals with synthesized textures. It's used in various genres, like electronic, funk, and hip-hop, to create robotic or harmonically rich vocal effects.

Compression is used to reduce the dynamic range of a recording, making loud sounds quieter and quiet sounds louder to achieve a more uniform level. This is common in most popular music to ensure vocals and instruments are consistently audible.

Chorus is an effect that creates thicker, more complex sounds by duplicating the original signal and modulating the pitch and time of the copies. It's often applied to guitars and vocals in pop and rock to enrich the texture.