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Cinematography Essentials for Directors
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Montage
A montage is a sequence of shots showing a condensed series of events. It is used to convey the passage of time or to create a symbolic meaning, often accompanied by music to enhance the emotional impact.
Color Grading
Color grading is the process of altering and enhancing the colors of a motion picture. It's important for setting the tone of the movie, establishing consistency, and can be used to guide the audience's emotional response to a scene.
Match Cut
A match cut is a cut from one shot to another where the composition of the two shots are matched by the action or subject. Match cuts provide a sense of continuity and flow, helping to maintain a seamless visual narrative.
Dolly Zoom
A dolly zoom, also known as a Vertigo effect, is achieved by zooming a lens to adjust the angle of view while the camera moves toward or away from the subject. It creates a disorienting visual effect that can depict a character's realization or change in perception.
Rack Focus
Rack focus is a dramatic change in focus from one object to another. It guides the audience's attention and can reveal significant details or elements within the scene that may change the tone or direction of the story.
Dutch Angle
A Dutch angle is a type of camera shot where the camera is tilted to one side. It creates a sense of unease or disorientation in the viewer, often used to portray psychological unrest.
Chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro is a lighting technique that employs strong contrasts between light and dark to give a sense of volume and three-dimensionality. It’s prominent in scenes requiring a dramatic and moody visual style.
L-Cut
An L-cut is a type of edit where the image changes but the audio from the first scene continues into the next. This technique can convey the relationship between scenes and can keep the audience engaged through audio continuity.
Blocking
Blocking refers to the precise staging of actors in a scene, in relation to the camera. The director uses blocking to ensure that performances complement the story visually and that the placement serves the narrative.
High Key Lighting
High key lighting is a style of lighting characterized by a low lighting ratio, creating an even light with few shadows. It's used to create an upbeat mood and is common in comedies and light-hearted scenes.
Foley
Foley is the art of recreating incidental sound effects in post-production to enhance the auditory experience of the film. These sounds are important for adding realism and can also be used stylistically to contribute to the narrative.
Shot Reverse Shot
Shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another, and then the other character is shown looking back. Essential for dialogue scenes, it establishes the position and gaze of characters in conversation.
Eyeline Match
An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system which is based on the direction a character looks. It maintains spatial continuity by aligning the viewer with the character's gaze.
Aspect Ratio
The aspect ratio is the width to height proportion of the film frame. It's vital for framing scenes, setting aesthetics, and can be used to evoke specific emotions or emphasize elements within the scene.
180-Degree Rule
The 180-degree rule is a basic guideline in film making that states two characters in a scene should maintain the same left/right relationship to one another. It's used to ensure screen direction consistency and spatial clarity.
Three-Point Lighting
Three-point lighting is a standard method using three lights called key, fill, and back lights. It helps create dimension and texture, separates the subject from the background, and can influence the mood of the scene.
Crane Shot
A crane shot is captured by a camera mounted on a crane that can move up, down, and at times, side-to-side. It gives a sense of scale or can be used to reveal important elements, adding to the dramatic storytelling.
Continuity Editing
Continuity editing is a system of cutting used in films to maintain a continuous and clear narrative action. Consistency in props, positions, and the passage of time is key for maintaining immersion in the story.
Depth of Field
Depth of field refers to the range of distance within a shot that appears acceptably sharp. It is essential for directing attention within the frame and can be manipulated to focus on a subject or to create a sense of space.
Rule of Thirds
The rule of thirds is a compositional principle that suggests dividing the frame into nine equal segments by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines. Important for creating balanced and engaging shots.
Low Key Lighting
Low key lighting is characterized by high contrast and strong shadows due to a high lighting ratio. It's often used in dramatic or suspenseful scenes to create mood and highlight contours.
J-Cut
A J-cut is a type of edit where the sound from the next scene begins before the image changes. J-cuts can smooth the transition between scenes and help establish a link between them, enhancing the film’s flow.
Cross Cutting
Cross cutting is an editing technique that alternates shots of two or more lines of action occurring in different places, suggesting they are happening simultaneously. It’s useful for building suspense and connection between parallel storylines.
Mise-en-scène
Mise-en-scène refers to the arrangement of everything that appears in the framing – actors, lighting, décor, props, costume. It's critical for directors to establish themes and direct the audience's attention to tell the story visually.
Master Shot
A master shot is a long take of an entire scene, usually a wide shot that includes all actors. It serves as a reference for coverage and provides the editor with a framework for pacing and continuity during editing.
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