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History of Directing
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Third Cinema (1960s-1970s)
Political and socially committed cinema, associated with national film movements in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Cinema Novo (Brazil, 1960s-1970s)
Involved socio-political films that promoted social change, combined realism with allegory and symbolism.
British Social Realism (1950s-1970s)
Focused on working-class life, frequently filmed in industrial town settings, with a commitment to showing the everyday and the marginal.
Australian New Wave (1970s-1980s)
Explored uniquely Australian themes often with a focus on the landscape and historical narratives, and a resurgence of the national cinema.
Mumblecore (2000s)
Characterized by low-budget film production, amateur actors, naturalistic dialogues, and a focus on personal relationships.
Parallel Cinema (India, 1950s-1970s)
Non-mainstream cinema noted for its serious content, realism, and naturalism, often addressing socio-political issues.
Dogme 95 (1995)
A vow of 'chastity' for film-making: natural lighting, no superficial action, handheld camera to create a sense of realism.
French Impressionism (1920s)
Focused on visual rhythm and editing, shooting techniques that conveyed characters' emotions, and complex narrative structures.
Blaxploitation (1970s)
Featured African-American actors in lead roles, focused on black audiences, and often showcased soul and funk soundtracks.
Italian Neorealism (1940s-1950s)
Shot on location, used non-professional actors, focused on everyday life situations, dealing with post-war reality.
French New Wave (1950s-1960s)
Characterized by experimental shooting and editing techniques, a rejection of traditional film narrative, and a focus on personal expression.
German Expressionism (1920s)
Use of stark lighting and shadows, distorted sets, and a focus on inner turmoil. Often dealing with madness and betrayal.
Japanese New Wave (1950s-1970s)
Rebellious in style and content, often confronting social taboos and traditional values, with formal experimentation.
New Hollywood (1960s-1980s)
Focused on directorial vision and innovation, often with more complex themes, and targeted at younger audiences.
Soviet Montage (1920s)
Emphasized editing over camera movement, used for ideological propaganda, and showed the power of film to communicate complex ideas.
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