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Founded the Pythagoreanism movement; known for his contributions to mathematics (Pythagorean theorem); believed in metempsychosis (transmigration of souls).

Proposed the four classical elements (earth, water, air, fire) as the roots of all things; introduced the two opposing forces of Love and Strife.

Formulated an early theory of atomism, suggesting that the universe is made up of invisible and indivisible atoms; believed in the necessity of a cheerful life.

Developed the Socratic method of inquiry; believed in the pursuit of virtue and the concept of knowledge as virtue; promoted ethical living and self-examination.

Introduced the concept of Nous (Mind) as the initial cause of the cosmos; posited that everything is mixed together in everything.

Famous for his paradoxes which challenge our understanding of motion and space; defended Parmenides' views on the singular, unchanging nature of reality.

Founded the Academy in Athens; wrote philosophical dialogues; formulated the Theory of Forms; emphasized the importance of the 'philosopher-king'.

Argued that change is an illusion, and that reality is singular and unchanging; his work is foundational to metaphysical discussions of ontology.

Tutor to Alexander the Great; wrote on diverse subjects including logic, metaphysics, and ethics; developed the concept of the Golden Mean; organized knowledge into different categories.

Emphasized change as the fundamental essence of the universe, known for the phrase 'panta rhei' (everything flows); believed in the unity of opposites.

A Sophist who believed in the power of rhetoric; claimed that nothing exists, that even if existence exists, it cannot be known, and if it could be known, it could not be communicated.

A pupil of Socrates and precursor to the Cynics; believed in the practices of asceticism and the virtue of self-sufficiency; advocated for a life lived in accordance with nature.

One of the best known Cynic philosophers; practiced extreme asceticism and criticized social conventions; believed in living a virtuous life in accordance with nature.

Founder of Epicureanism; taught that pleasure, particularly mental pleasure, is the greatest good; suggested that fear of gods and death is unnecessary and that friends are important for happiness.