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Logical Connectives

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∨ (Disjunction)

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The disjunction operator ∨ represents 'or'. A compound proposition p ∨ q is true if either p or q is true (inclusive).

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⊥ (Contradiction)

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The contradiction symbol ⊥ represents a proposition that is always false, regardless of the truth values of its components.

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¬ (Negation)

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The negation operator ¬ negates the truth value of a proposition. If a proposition p is true, ¬p is false; if p is false, ¬p is true.

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∧ (Conjunction)

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The conjunction operator ∧ represents 'and'. A compound proposition p ∧ q is true only if both p and q are true.

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⊕ (Exclusive Or)

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The exclusive or operator ⊕ represents 'either...or' (but not both). A compound proposition p ⊕ q is true when either p or q is true, but not both.

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↔ (Biconditional)

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The biconditional operator ↔ represents 'if and only if'. A compound proposition p ↔ q is true if both p and q have the same truth value.

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∀ (Universal Quantification)

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The universal quantification operator ∀ denotes 'for all'. It asserts that a predicate holds for all members of a specified set.

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∃ (Existential Quantification)

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The existential quantification operator ∃ denotes 'there exists'. It asserts that there is at least one element in a set for which the predicate holds.

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⊤ (Tautology)

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The tautology symbol ⊤ represents a proposition that is always true, regardless of the truth values of its components.

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→ (Implication)

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The implication operator → represents 'if...then'. A compound proposition p → q is false only if p is true and q is false; otherwise, it is true.

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