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Argument Structure Elements

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Premise

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A proposition supporting or helping to support the conclusion of an argument. Premises are the building blocks that, when combined logically, support the validity of the claim.

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Reasoning

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The logical process of connecting the evidence to the claim. It explains how and why the evidence supports the claim, illustrating the argument's logical structure.

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Refutation

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The act of discrediting a counterargument by exposing its weaknesses or showing it to be false. In an argument, it helps to defend the original claim and demonstrate its validity.

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Counterargument

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An opposing viewpoint or statement that challenges the original claim. It is considered and addressed within an argument to show thorough understanding and to strengthen the original position.

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Conclusion

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The final part of an argument, summarizing the main points and restating the claim. It provides closure and underscores the main message the arguer is trying to convey.

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Claim

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A statement that asserts a belief or truth. In an argument, it serves as the conclusion that the arguer wants the audience to accept.

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Evidence

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Information used to support claims. It includes statistics, expert opinions, and research findings. In an argument, it lends credibility and grounds the claim in factual information.

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Qualifiers

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Words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim, reducing the potential for the claim to be disproven. Qualifiers are useful in making more reasonable and defendable arguments.

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Fallacy

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A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning in argumentation. Employing a fallacy can undermine an argument's validity and the arguer's credibility.

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Warrant

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An implicit assumption that connects the evidence to the claim. It is often based on common knowledge or shared beliefs, and it underpins the reasoning in an argument.

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