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Pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

Carry oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and aid in the transport of carbon dioxide back to the lungs; higher red blood cell counts can improve athletic performance by enhancing oxygen transport.

Arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood to and from the heart; their elasticity and ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate are important for regulating blood flow and pressure during exercise.

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction; a greater stroke volume allows for more efficient oxygen delivery during exercise.

The liquid component of blood that carries cells and proteins; maintains blood volume and pressure, which are vital for sustained exercise.

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; their ability to return blood efficiently affects how quickly an athlete can recover between bouts of exercise.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; an increased cardiac output can enhance the delivery of oxygen to muscles during intense physical activity.

Minerals in blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge; important for hydration, muscle contractions, and nerve impulses during athletic activities.

The percentage of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles with each heartbeat; a higher ejection fraction indicates a more efficient heart, beneficial for athletic performance.

The muscular layer of the heart wall; its strength and endurance are crucial for maintaining cardiac output during prolonged and intense physical activity.

The maximum rate at which oxygen can be taken in and used by muscles; increased aerobic capacity enhances endurance performance by delaying fatigue.

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues; high elasticity and strength are important to withstand high-pressure surges during exercise.

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels; maintaining a stable blood pressure is important to ensure organs, including muscles, receive adequate blood supply during exercise.

Part of the immune system; protect the body against illness and infection which can be important for athletes to maintain consistent training and avoid interruptions due to sickness.

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; higher hemoglobin levels can improve the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, which is beneficial for athletic endurance.

The number of heartbeats per minute; a lower resting heart rate is an indicator of a more efficient cardiovascular system and a greater cardiac output during intense exercise.

The point during intense exercise at which the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and switches to anaerobic metabolism; increasing this threshold allows athletes to maintain high-intensity efforts longer without fatiguing.

The inner lining of blood vessels; produces substances that mediate blood vessel function, affecting blood flow and pressure during exercise.

The narrowing of blood vessels; helps divert blood away from less active regions to working muscles and vital organs during exercise.

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation); efficient timing of the cardiac cycle is important for maximal cardiac output during exercise.

The widening of blood vessels; helps increase blood flow to muscles and skin, which can enhance performance by improving temperature regulation and nutrient delivery.

The amount of oxygen the body can use during maximal exercise; a higher VO2 max is a strong indicator of cardiovascular fitness and is critical for endurance performance.

Responsible for blood clotting; helps prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur, which is essential for athletes to recover from sports-related injuries.

Microscopic blood vessels where the exchange of water, nutrients, and waste products takes place; an increased capillary density improves the delivery and uptake of oxygen and nutrients to muscles during exercise.

The part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart; vital for supplying working muscles with nutrients and oxygen during exercise.

The part of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart; efficiency here is critical for maintaining oxygen delivery to muscles during strenuous exercise.

The circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle; adequate coronary circulation is crucial for maintaining heart function during increased activity levels in sports.

The pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood; low diastolic blood pressure at rest is typically an indicator of efficiency in athletes.

The total volume of blood in the circulatory system; an increased blood volume from conditioning can result in greater cardiac output and better temperature regulation during physical activity.