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Supplements and Ergogenic Aids for Athletes

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Vitamin D

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Purpose: to support bone health and immune function. Usage: daily requirements may be higher in athletes, around 1000-2000 IU. Legality: legal in sports.

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Creatine

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Purpose: to increase muscle mass and improve exercise performance. Usage: typically 5g per day. Legality: legal and widely accepted in sports.

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Sodium Bicarbonate

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Purpose: to buffer lactic acid and improve high-intensity exercise performance. Usage: 0.3g/kg body weight. Legality: legal in sports.

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Nitrate

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Purpose: to improve blood flow and enhance exercise performance. Usage: often taken in the form of beetroot juice. Legality: legal in sports.

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BCAAs (Branched-Chain Amino Acids)

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Purpose: to promote muscle recovery and reduce exercise-induced muscle damage. Usage: often taken before or after exercise. Legality: legal in sports.

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ZMA (Zinc Magnesium Aspartate)

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Purpose: to support recovery and possibly improve sleep quality. Usage: often taken before bed. Legality: legal in sports.

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Whey Protein

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Purpose: to promote muscle repair and growth. Usage: varied, often around workouts. Legality: legal and widely accepted in sports.

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Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)

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Purpose: to enhance muscle recovery and reduce muscle breakdown. Usage: 3g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Electrolytes

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Purpose: to maintain fluid balance and prevent dehydration. Usage: varies with exercise intensity and duration. Legality: legal in sports.

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Glucosamine

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Purpose: to support joint health and potentially reduce joint pain. Usage: typically 1.5g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

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Purpose: to reduce inflammation and potentially improve heart health. Usage: recommendations vary, often around 1-3g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Beta-Alanine

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Purpose: to increase muscle carnosine content and enhance buffering capacity. Usage: 2-5g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Iron

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Purpose: to prevent anemia and improve oxygen transportation. Usage: depends on individual needs and deficiencies. Legality: legal in sports.

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Caffeine

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Purpose: to enhance alertness and reduce perceived effort. Usage: typically 3-6 mg/kg body weight. Legality: legal but regulated in sports, with urinary thresholds.

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Antioxidants (Vitamins C and E)

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Purpose: to protect against oxidative damage and support immune function. Usage: varies, too much can hinder adaptations to training. Legality: legal in sports.

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Beetroot Juice

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Purpose: to increase nitric oxide levels and improve endurance performance. Usage: often 0.5-1 liter several hours before competition. Legality: legal in sports.

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Ephedrine

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Purpose: to increase alertness and weight loss. Usage: now banned or restricted in many sports due to health risks. Legality: banned in most competitive sports.

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EPO (Erythropoietin)

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Purpose: to increase red blood cell count and improve oxygen delivery to muscles. Usage: banned due to severe health risks. Legality: banned in all major sports.

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HMB-FA (HMB Free Acid)

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Purpose: to enhance muscle recovery and reduce muscle protein breakdown. Usage: more rapid absorption than regular HMB, around 1g three times a day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Pre-workout Formulas

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Purpose: to enhance energy, focus, and performance in the gym. Usage: consumed before exercise, doses vary by product. Legality: ingredients are generally legal but may contain banned stimulants.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

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Purpose: to potentially aid in fat loss and muscle gain. Usage: studies vary, often 3-6g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Carnitine

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Purpose: to facilitate the use of fat for energy and potentially improve endurance. Usage: 1-4g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Multivitamins

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Purpose: to prevent nutritional deficiencies that could impair performance and health. Usage: typically one pill per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Prohormones

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Purpose: to enhance muscle growth and performance. Usage: used to be taken like traditional supplements, now banned in many regions. Legality: banned in most competitive sports due to steroid-like effects.

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Citrulline

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Purpose: to increase arginine levels and blood flow, enhancing exercise performance. Usage: 6-8g before exercise. Legality: legal in sports.

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Anabolic Steroids

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Purpose: to increase muscle mass and strength. Usage: banned due to health risks and the potential for unfair advantages. Legality: banned in all major sports.

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Taurine

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Purpose: to potentially improve endurance and recovery. Usage: often 1-3g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

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Purpose: to increase muscle mass and overall physical capacity. Usage: banned due to health risks and unfair advantages. Legality: banned in all major sports.

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Glycerol

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Purpose: to increase hydration by retaining more fluid. Usage: used before endurance activities. Legal in some sports with specific guidelines.

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BCAA-Energy Drinks

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Purpose: to provide a source of amino acids for muscle recovery and a stimulant for energy. Usage: around workouts. Legality: ingredients are legal but should check for banned stimulants.

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Glutamine

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Purpose: to support gut health and immune function, and potentially aid in muscle recovery. Usage: often 5-10g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)

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Purpose: to mimic the effects of anabolic steroids with possibly fewer side effects. Usage: banned for posing health risks. Legality: banned in sports.

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Cordyceps

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Purpose: to potentially boost athletic performance due to its effects on energy metabolism. Usage: varies, often 2-3g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

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Purpose: to work as an antioxidant and support energy production. Usage: often 100-200mg per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Rhodiola Rosea

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Purpose: to potentially improve endurance and mental performance. Usage: commonly 200-600mg per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Tribulus Terrestris

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Purpose: to potentially increase testosterone levels and enhance muscle strength. Usage: commonly 750-1500mg per day. Legality: legal in sports but effectiveness is questioned.

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HGH Secretagogues

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Purpose: to stimulate the natural production of growth hormone. Usage: banned due to potential for abuse and health risks. Legality: banned in sports.

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Collagen Supplements

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Purpose: to support joint and skin health. Usage: not confirmed for performance enhancement, typically 10-20g per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Peptide Hormones

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Purpose: to enhance performance by mimicking natural hormones in the body. Usage: banned due to potential for abuse and health risks. Legality: banned in sports.

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Diuretics

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Purpose: to promote fluid loss, historically for weight cutting or masking other substances. Usage: banned due to potential health risks and misuse. Legality: banned in sports.

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Green Tea Extract

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Purpose: to increase metabolism and support fat loss, while providing antioxidants. Usage: varies, often 250-500mg per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Protein Hydrolysates

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Purpose: to potentially enhance absorption and speed up recovery post-exercise. Usage: similar to regular protein recommendations. Legality: legal in sports.

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Beta-Ecdysterone

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Purpose: to potentially increase protein synthesis and support muscle growth. Usage: found in spinach, quinoa, and other plants, dosages not well established. Legality: legal but under review by WADA.

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Alpha-lipoic Acid

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Purpose: to work as an antioxidant and possibly support carbohydrate metabolism. Usage: often 300-600mg per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Carbohydrate Gels

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Purpose: to provide a quick source of energy during endurance activities. Usage: consumed during exercise, typically every 30-45 minutes. Legality: legal in sports.

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Essential Amino Acid (EAA) Supplements

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Purpose: to provide the amino acids the body cannot make, potentially aiding in recovery and muscle building. Usage: around workouts or throughout the day. Legality: legal in sports.

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Deer Antler Spray

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Purpose: to provide IGF-1, a growth factor similar to insulin, aiming to enhance growth and recovery. Usage: controversial and questionable effectiveness. Legality: IGF-1 is banned, but detection is difficult.

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Ashwagandha

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Purpose: to potentially reduce stress and improve performance due to its adaptogenic properties. Usage: commonly 300-500mg per day. Legality: legal in sports.

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MCT Oil

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Purpose: to provide a quickly absorbed form of fat for energy, potentially sparing glycogen. Usage: varies, can be added to beverages or foods. Legality: legal in sports.

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