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Performance-Enhancing Drugs: Facts and Side Effects

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

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Purpose: Increases red blood cell count, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles. Side effects: Blood clots, strokes, and hypertension.

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Anabolic Steroids

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Purpose: Promotes muscle growth and strength. Side effects: Liver damage, cardiovascular issues, and mood swings.

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Blood Doping

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Purpose: Increases red blood cell mass resulting in improved endurance. Side effects: Blood clots, heart attack, and stroke.

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Peptide Hormones

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Purpose: Enhance muscle growth and performance. Side effects: Hypoglycemia, joint and muscle pain, and increased cancer risk.

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Glycerol

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Purpose: Aids in hydration potentially enhancing endurance. Side effects: Headache, gastrointestinal discomfort, and dizziness.

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Aromatase Inhibitors

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Purpose: Lower estrogen levels, increasing the relative testosterone concentration. Side effects: Joint pain, risk of osteoporosis, and other hormonal imbalances.

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Diuretics

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Purpose: Promote fluid loss to meet weight categories or dilute urine samples. Side effects: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and kidney damage.

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Masking Agents

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Purpose: Conceal the presence of banned substances in urine tests. Side effects: Varies as they can include diuretics and other agents with their own risks.

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Testosterone Boosters

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Purpose: Elevate testosterone levels for increased muscle and recovery. Side effects: Hormonal imbalance, acne, and increased risk of heart disease.

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Insulin

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Purpose: Can increase muscle glycogen synthesis for better recovery. Side effects: Risk of hypoglycemia, weight gain, and insulin resistance.

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Prohormones

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Purpose: Precursors to testosterone and other hormones that can increase muscle mass. Side effects: Endocrine disruption, liver damage, and increased risk of heart disease.

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Beta Blockers

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Purpose: Decrease anxiety and tremors during precision sports. Side effects: Fatigue, low blood pressure, and decreased cardiac output.

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Meldonium

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Purpose: Improves cardiovascular efficiency and exercise capacity. Side effects: Hypotension, dizziness, and heart rhythm issues.

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Cannabinoids

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Purpose: May provide pain relief and relaxation, though not typically used as performance-enhancing. Side effects: Altered perception, decreased coordination, and potential dependency.

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Creatine

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Purpose: Increase muscle mass and improve short-term performance. Side effects: Potential for dehydration, muscle cramps, and digestive issues.

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Androstenedione

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Purpose: Increase testosterone production, promoting muscle growth. Side effects: Endocrine disruption, increased risk of heart disease and liver damage.

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Trimetazidine

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Purpose: Improve energy metabolism of the heart, indirectly enhancing physical functionalities. Side effects: Dizziness, gastrointestinal issues, and parkinsonian symptoms (in rare cases).

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Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

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Purpose: Increases muscle mass and recovery times. Side effects: Joint pain, insulin resistance, and increased risk of certain cancers.

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Modafinil

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Purpose: Promote wakefulness and alertness, particularly in sports that require endurance. Side effects: Headache, nausea, and risk of dependence.

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Sodium Bicarbonate

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Purpose: Improve endurance by buffering lactic acid in muscles. Side effects: Gastrointestinal distress, cramping, and nausea.

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Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)

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Purpose: May decrease muscle breakdown and promote recovery. Side effects: Gastrointestinal discomfort and potential interactions with medications.

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Beta-2 Agonists

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Purpose: Improve breathing and oxygen flow. Side effects: Tremors, headaches, and palpitations.

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Corticosteroids

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Purpose: Reduce inflammation and pain, allowing for quicker recovery. Side effects: Weakened immune system, increased appetite, and mood changes.

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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

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Purpose: Control estrogen levels, potentially increasing testosterone levels. Side effects: Hot flashes, blood clots, and increased risk of certain cancers.

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Clenbuterol

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Purpose: Increase lean muscle mass and reduce body fat. Side effects: Heart palpitations, tremors, and anxiety.

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Stimulants

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Purpose: Increase alertness, reduce fatigue, and enhance focus. Side effects: Addiction, heart issues, and anxiety.

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Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)

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Purpose: Promote anabolic activity without significant testosterone effects. Side effects: Liver toxicity, potential to increase cancer risk, and uncertain long-term effects.

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Nitric Oxide Supplements

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Purpose: Enhance blood flow and muscle pump during workouts. Side effects: Upset stomach, diarrhea, and low blood pressure.

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Ephedrine

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Purpose: Enhance weight loss and alertness. Side effects: High blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and potential neurological effects.

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Oxandrolone

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Purpose: Anabolic steroid used to promote weight gain and muscle rebuilding. Side effects: Liver toxicity, increased cholesterol, and suppression of testosterone production.

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