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The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

The number of complete oscillations per second of a wave, measured in hertz (Hz).

The distance between successive crests of a wave, usually measured in meters.

A logarithmic measure of the effective pressure of a sound relative to a reference value, expressed in decibels (dB).

A unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale.

The quality or color of a musical sound that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as voices and musical instruments.

The time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay by 60 dB, typically measured in seconds.

The bending of waves around the edges of an obstacle or through an aperture.

The return of a wave after it hits a surface which does not absorb the energy of the wave.

The bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.

The conversion of sound energy into heat, thus diminishing the energy of sound propagation.

Sound that travels straight from the source to the listener without reflecting off any surfaces.

The first set of reflections from walls, ceilings, and floors that reach the listener shortly after the direct sound.

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.

The unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), defined as one cycle per second.

The ratio of sound pressure over sound flow at a given point in space, indicating how much sound pressure is generated by a given airflow.

A point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude.

A point where the amplitude of the standing wave is at a maximum.

The distance traveled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium, approximately 343 m/s at room temperature in air.

A vibration of a system in which some particular points remain fixed while others between them vibrate with the maximum amplitude.

The increase in amplitude that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts.

The interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency.

A mathematical transform that decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it up.

Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, contributing to the timbre of a sound.

The power carried by sound waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area, typically measured in watts per square meter (W/m²).

The variation of amplitude of a musical sound over time, typically described as having attack, decay, sustain, and release components.

The interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies.

An area where sound waves are prevented from spreading, typically due to an obstruction or difference in acoustic impedance.