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The return of a wave after it hits a surface which does not absorb the energy of the wave.

The interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency.

The unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), defined as one cycle per second.

The quality or color of a musical sound that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as voices and musical instruments.

The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

A logarithmic measure of the effective pressure of a sound relative to a reference value, expressed in decibels (dB).

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.

The time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay by 60 dB, typically measured in seconds.

Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, contributing to the timbre of a sound.

The variation of amplitude of a musical sound over time, typically described as having attack, decay, sustain, and release components.

A point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude.

A vibration of a system in which some particular points remain fixed while others between them vibrate with the maximum amplitude.

The ratio of sound pressure over sound flow at a given point in space, indicating how much sound pressure is generated by a given airflow.

The conversion of sound energy into heat, thus diminishing the energy of sound propagation.

Sound that travels straight from the source to the listener without reflecting off any surfaces.

The power carried by sound waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area, typically measured in watts per square meter (W/m²).

The position of a point in time on a waveform cycle, measured in degrees or radians, where a complete cycle is 360 degrees or $2\pi$ radians.

The bending of waves around the edges of an obstacle or through an aperture.

The first set of reflections from walls, ceilings, and floors that reach the listener shortly after the direct sound.

The number of complete oscillations per second of a wave, measured in hertz (Hz).

The bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.

The distance traveled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium, approximately 343 m/s at room temperature in air.

A point where the amplitude of the standing wave is at a maximum.

A unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale.

A mathematical transform that decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it up.

The distance between successive crests of a wave, usually measured in meters.

An area where sound waves are prevented from spreading, typically due to an obstruction or difference in acoustic impedance.

The increase in amplitude that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts.