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Beamforming is a technique that uses the relative phase and amplitude information from a sonar array to determine the direction of incoming sounds.

The Sound Velocity Profile is a plot of the speed of sound at various depths in the ocean, which affects sonar wave propagation.

Acoustic propagation refers to how sound travels through a medium like water, including the effects of spreading, absorption, and refraction.

A ping in sonar terminology is a pulse of sound emitted by the active sonar system.

Reverberation in sonar is the persistence of sound in the marine environment due to multiple reflections from the sea surface, bottom, and other objects.

A false echo is an erroneous sonar reading that appears to be a return from a target but is actually caused by other factors like equipment malfunction or environmental causes.

Echo ranging involves emitting a sound pulse and timing how long it takes for the echo to return to determine the distance to an object.

Target strength is a measure of the ability of an object to reflect sonar signals, expressed in decibels (dB).

A towed array is a long, cable-equipped sensor array dragged behind a ship or submarine that uses passive sonar to detect underwater sounds.

A hydrophone is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound.

Passive sonar listens without transmitting. It detects noise from marine objects and uses it to determine the location and velocity of the objects.

A sonar dome is a structure attached to the hull of a ship that houses the sonar array, protecting it from incoming noise and damage.

Active sonar systems emit an acoustic signal or pulse of sound into the water. If an object is present, the sound bounces back to the sonar source as an echo and is detected.

The thermocline is a layer in the ocean where there is a rapid change in temperature which can significantly affect the propagation of sonar waves.

A sonobuoy is a buoy equipped with a sonar system that is dropped from a ship or aircraft to conduct sonar searches.

A sonar array is a set of hydrophones arranged in a pattern, used to detect and locate sounds in water.

The Doppler Effect refers to the change in frequency of a sound wave for an observer moving relative to its source. In sonar, it is used to measure the velocity of an object.