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Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound, making the first sound less audible.

Sound localization is the listener's ability to identify the origin of a detected sound in direction and distance.

Frequency masking occurs when the detection of one sound is hindered by the presence of another sound at a similar frequency.

Temporal masking describes how a sound can mask another sound that precedes it (backward masking) or follows it (forward masking), affecting the perception of time-related aspects of sound.

The Just Noticeable Difference is the minimum difference in stimuli magnitude needed to detect a change or difference between them.

Equal-loudness contours are graphs that show the sound pressure levels over various frequencies required for a listener to perceive a constant loudness.

Beats occur when two sounds with slightly different frequencies are perceived together, creating a fluctuation in loudness at the frequency difference.

Critical bands represent the frequency bands within the cochlea within which a second tone will interfere with the perception of the first tone.

The Doppler Effect is the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

Loudness is the perception of the intensity of sound waves, commonly described as the volume.

Pitch is the psychoacoustic perception of the frequency of a sound, determining how 'high' or 'low' a sound is perceived.

Phon is a unit of perceived loudness level designed to reflect the intensity of a tone, normalized to the frequency response of human hearing.

The sone is a unit of perceived loudness. One sone is equivalent to the loudness of a pure 1 kHz tone at 40 phons, which is roughly the threshold of speech recognition.

Masking Level Difference is how much easier it is to hear a signal against a background noise when there is a spatial or binaural difference between the signal and the noise.

Interaural Time Difference is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears, which helps localize the sound source laterally.

Interaural Level Difference is the difference in sound level reaching the two ears, which contributes to the auditory perception of spatial localization.

The Missing Fundamental phenomenon occurs when harmonics of a sound are heard, and the listener perceives a pitch that corresponds to the absent fundamental frequency.

The Place Theory suggests that the perception of sound frequency depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane of the inner ear.

Temporal Theory, also known as the time theory, proposes that the brain determines the pitch by the timing of the nerve impulses, which are related to the frequency of the sound waves.

Cochlear implants are electronic devices that bypass damaged structures in the ear and directly stimulate auditory nerve fibers with electrical currents.

Otoacoustic Emissions are sounds generated from within the inner ear as a byproduct of the cochlea's amplifier function, commonly used in newborn hearing tests.

A Psychoacoustic Model is an algorithm that replicates the human system of auditory perception for applications such as data compression and noise reduction.

Binaural beats occur when two tones of slightly different frequencies are presented to each ear separately, leading to a perceived beat frequency that is the difference between the two tones.

Timbre is the quality or color of a sound that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as voices or musical instruments, even when they have the same pitch and loudness.