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A battery provides a voltage source by converting stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

A current source delivers or absorbs a constant current, regardless of the voltage across it.

An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it, used in filters, chokes, and energy storage.

A capacitor stores energy in an electric field, used to filter signals or store charge for later release.

A PNP transistor is similar to an NPN but with opposite polarity. Current flows from the emitter when base is low.

A voltage source provides a fixed voltage difference between two points in an electrical circuit.

A fuse is a safety device that interrupts the circuit by melting when the current exceeds a specific value.

An NPN transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals.

A resistor is used to restrict the flow of current and lower voltage levels within circuits.

An LED is a diode that emits light when current flows through it, used for indication and lighting.

A SPST switch connects or disconnects the conductive path in a circuit and controls the flow of current.

A variable resistor, or potentiometer, adjusts circuit resistance manually to vary the flow of current.

A ground symbol represents a reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured.

A transformer transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.