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Wave speed is the distance a wave travels per unit of time. It is calculated as the product of the wave's frequency (f) and wavelength ($\lambda$), given by $v = f \lambda$.

Amplitude is the maximum displacement of points on a wave, relative to their equilibrium positions. It's generally a measure of the wave's energy.

Wave polarization is the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave. For light, polarization specifies the direction of the electric field oscillations.

Wave intensity is the power per unit area carried by a wave. It is proportional to the square of the wave's amplitude (A), given by $I = \frac{P}{A}$ where P is power and A is area.

A standing wave is a wave that remains in a constant position. Nodes are points of zero amplitude, while antinodes are points of maximum amplitude on a standing wave.

The period is the time it takes for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point. It is the inverse of frequency, given by $T = \frac{1}{f}$.

The refraction index, or index of refraction, is a dimensionless number that describes how fast light travels in a medium compared to the speed in vacuum. Given by $n = \frac{c}{v}$ where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in the medium.

Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase on a wave, such as two crests or troughs. It is usually measured in meters.

Frequency is the number of oscillations or cycles per unit time that pass a particular point. It is measured in hertz (Hz).