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André-Marie Ampère found that the magnetic field in a loop of wire is proportional to the electric current passing through the wire. This law is fundamental in electromagnetism and given by the equation $\oint \vec{B} \cdot d\vec{l} = \mu_0 I$, where $I$ is the current and $\mu_0$ is the vacuum permeability.

Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, showing that a change in magnetic flux through a coil induces an electromotive force (EMF). This was described by Faraday's Law, which is key in the operation of transformers and generators.

Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric current affects a magnetic compass. Placing a compass near a wire carrying a current causes the compass needle to rotate, indicating a magnetic field generated by the electric current.

Edwin Hall discovered that a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the direction of current flow in a conductor would lead to the development of a voltage across the conductor. This Hall voltage is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field and current.

J.J. Thomson used cathode rays to discover the electron. He showed that cathode rays were particles with a specific charge-to-mass ratio and could therefore be deflected by electric and magnetic fields.