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Acoustics and Sound Properties

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Frequency

The number of vibrations that occur per second, measured in hertz (Hz).

Overtones

Higher frequencies produced by a musical instrument in addition to its fundamental frequency, contributing to the timbre.

Wavelength

The distance between two corresponding points of adjacent waves, given by the formula

\lambda = \frac{v}{f}

where

\lambda

is the wavelength,

v

is the speed of sound, and

f

is the frequency.

Resonance

The phenomenon whereby a vibrating system responds with maximum amplitude to an external force at a specific frequency.

Decibel (dB)

A logarithmic unit used to measure the intensity of a sound, given by the formula

dB = 10 \log_{10} \left(\frac{I}{I_0}\right)

where

I

is the sound intensity and

I_0

is the reference intensity, typically taken as the threshold of human hearing.

Timbre

The quality or color of sound that makes a particular musical sound different from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness.

Doppler Effect

The change in frequency or wavelength of sound as the source and observer move relative to each other, observed as a shift in pitch.

Speed of Sound

The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium, given by the formula

v = f \lambda

where

v

is the speed of sound,

f

is the frequency, and

\lambda

is the wavelength.

Amplitude

The maximum extent of a vibration, observed as the height from the equilibrium point, related to the loudness of the sound.

Sound Intensity

The sound power per unit area, commonly measured in watts per square meter ( $W/m^2$ ).

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