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Mechanical Waves and Properties

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Longitudinal Wave

A wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the wave's direction of travel.

Transverse Wave

A wave in which particles of the medium move perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel.

Wave Speed

The speed at which a wave travels through a medium. Formula:

v = f \lambda

where

v

is wave speed,

f

is frequency, and

\lambda

is wavelength.

Amplitude

The maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its rest position.

Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time. Usually measured in Hertz (Hz).

Wavelength

The distance between successive crests, troughs, or identical parts of a wave.

Period

The time taken for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point. Formula:

T = \frac{1}{f}

where

T

is the period and

f

is the frequency.

Interference

The phenomenon of two or more waves overlapping to produce a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude.

Diffraction

The bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture.

Resonance

The increase in amplitude that occurs when the frequency of an applied force matches a system's natural frequency.

Harmonic Motion

The repeated motion of a system in which the restoring force is proportional to the displacement. Formula:

F = -kx

where

F

is the restoring force,

k

is the spring constant, and

x

is the displacement.

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