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Solid State Physics Basics
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Crystal Lattice
A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules in a crystal.
Unit Cell
The smallest repeating unit in a crystal lattice that shows the entire structure's symmetry.
Bravais Lattice
One of the 14 distinct three-dimensional geometric arrangements of points that can be used to describe all possible crystal lattices.
Miller Indices
A notation system to define the orientation of crystal planes, using a set of three integers derived from the inverse intercepts of the plane with the crystallographic axes.
Electronic Band Structure
The range of energy levels that electrons can have within a solid, defining the band gaps and distinguishing between conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.
Phonons
Quasiparticles representing quantized modes of vibration occurring in a rigid crystal lattice, similar to the concept of photons for light.
Fermi Energy
, the highest energy level that is occupied by electrons at absolute zero temperature.
Reciprocal Lattice
The construction used to determine allowed wave vectors of electrons and phonons in a crystal lattice, defined in terms of the inverse of the real-space lattice vectors.
Bloch's Theorem
A theorem that states that the wavefunctions of electrons in a periodic potential, like that of a crystal lattice, can be expressed as a plane wave modulated by a periodic function.
Hall Effect
The generation of a voltage difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current.
Superconductivity
A phenomenon observed in certain materials at low temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields (Meissner effect).
X-ray Diffraction
A tool used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal by observing the patterns produced by the scattering of X-rays when they interact with the crystal lattice.
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