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$E_F$, the highest energy level that is occupied by electrons at absolute zero temperature.

The range of energy levels that electrons can have within a solid, defining the band gaps and distinguishing between conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.

A theorem that states that the wavefunctions of electrons in a periodic potential, like that of a crystal lattice, can be expressed as a plane wave modulated by a periodic function.

A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules in a crystal.

A tool used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal by observing the patterns produced by the scattering of X-rays when they interact with the crystal lattice.

One of the 14 distinct three-dimensional geometric arrangements of points that can be used to describe all possible crystal lattices.

Quasiparticles representing quantized modes of vibration occurring in a rigid crystal lattice, similar to the concept of photons for light.

The generation of a voltage difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

The smallest repeating unit in a crystal lattice that shows the entire structure's symmetry.

A notation system to define the orientation of crystal planes, using a set of three integers derived from the inverse intercepts of the plane with the crystallographic axes.

A phenomenon observed in certain materials at low temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields (Meissner effect).