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The study of patterns of sounds in languages and the rules governing their pronunciation.

A stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages; typically arises in the context of multilingualism.

The point at which a language is no longer used by any living people, a loss typically caused by its speakers shifting to another language over time.

The branch of linguistics that studies the structure and forms of words, including morphemes, the smallest units of meaning.

The study of how language varies and changes in social groups and the effect of language on society.

Languages that are at risk of falling out of use as their speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages.

The hypothesis that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition.

The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language.

The act of adopting words or expressions from another language into a native language.

The process by which individuals learn the language of their culture as well as the roles and values associated with that language.

A simplified form of language, with elements taken from local and foreign languages, that enables communication between people not sharing a common language.

Beliefs, feelings, and conceptions about language structure and use, which often serve to rationalize and justify patterns of language use within a community.

A situation where two dialects or languages are used by a single language community in different social contexts.

The study that estimates the time at which languages diverged from their common ancestors by analyzing core vocabularies, often criticized for its effectiveness and assumptions.

Techniques used by linguistic anthropologists to gather data on languages and their cultural contexts, often through immersive fieldwork.

The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words and language.

The study of the relationship between language and culture, and how they mutually influence and inform each other.

The study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language.

The study of spoken or written language in its social and cultural context, focusing on the patterns and use of language across spoken and written texts.

The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects in conversation.

The attempt by linguists and community activists to halt or reverse the decline of language, or to revive an extinct one.

The deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of languages or language variety within a speech community.

The art or science of dictionary making; the branch of linguistics concerned with the compiling, writing, and editing of dictionaries.

The branch of linguistics that deals with the physical production and reception of sounds of human speech.

The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce, and use words to understand and communicate.

An approach within discourse analysis that studies the way social power, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context.

The interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between language and cultural behaviors in human societies.

The study of how languages change over time and the historical relationships between them.

The efforts and policies aimed at preventing languages from becoming unknown or extinct.