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Linguistic Field Methods

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Historical Linguistics

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Purpose: To study the history and development of languages over time. Procedure: The researcher analyzes language change and reconstruction using comparative methods and linguistic evidence.

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Language Documentation

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Purpose: To systematically collect and archive a comprehensive record of a language, especially those that are endangered. Procedure: The researcher compiles a corpus of texts, recordings, and descriptions of the language.

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Text Collection

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Purpose: To gather samples of spoken or written language for analysis. Procedure: The researcher records natural discourse, such as conversations, narratives, or ceremonial language.

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Introspection

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Purpose: To analyze the researcher's own linguistic intuition as a native speaker. Procedure: The researcher uses their knowledge of the language to formulate judgments about acceptability and grammaticality.

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Corpus Linguistics

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Purpose: To study language statistically through the analysis of large collections of texts. Procedure: The researcher uses computational tools to analyze frequency, patterns, and structures within a corpus.

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Judgment Tasks

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Purpose: To collect data on language intuition from informants. Procedure: Informants are asked to judge the acceptability or grammaticality of various sentences or utterances.

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Morphological Analysis

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Purpose: To study the structure and formation of words within a language. Procedure: The researcher examines word forms to identify morphemes and analyze processes like inflection and derivation.

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Language Survey

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Purpose: To collect data on language usage, distribution, and variation within a population. Procedure: The researcher employs questionnaires, interviews, and observation to map linguistic phenomena geographically and socially.

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Pragmatic Fieldwork

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Purpose: To study the practical aspects of language use, like context, tone, and conversational implicatures. Procedure: The researcher observes and records interactions, looking at how meaning is constructed in situ.

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Discourse Analysis

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Purpose: To study language use beyond the sentence level, considering the flow of interaction and meaning across larger texts or conversations. Procedure: The researcher analyzes transcripts or recordings for features such as coherence, anaphora, and topic management.

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Experimental Phonology

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Purpose: To explore the phonological structure of a language and how it affects speech production and perception. Procedure: The researcher uses controlled experiments to test hypotheses about phonological rules and patterns.

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Network Analysis

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Purpose: To study the social networks within a community and how they affect language variation and change. Procedure: The researcher maps relationships and communication patterns, analyzing the impact on linguistic behavior.

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Phonetic Transcription

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Purpose: To accurately represent the sounds of a language. Procedure: The researcher listens to speech samples and uses the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to transcribe what is heard.

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Syntactic Analysis

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Purpose: To study the structure of sentences and the rules that govern sentence formation. Procedure: The researcher examines sentence patterns and word order to ascertain syntactic rules.

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Ethnography of Communication

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Purpose: To study communication practices within cultural groups to understand how language use intersects with cultural norms. Procedure: The researcher documents and describes patterns of communication and social interaction in a particular community.

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Semantic Fieldwork

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Purpose: To understand the meaning system of a language. Procedure: The researcher studies how words and phrases are used in different contexts, documenting synonymy, antonymy, and other semantic relations.

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Participant Observation

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Purpose: To immerse the researcher in the language and culture of a speech community. Procedure: The researcher actively engages with the community, participating in daily activities and observing language use in context.

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Direct Elicitation

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Purpose: To obtain specific linguistic data by asking informants direct questions. Procedure: Using a word list or set of sentences, the researcher requests translations or explanations of language items from informants

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Language Revitalization

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Purpose: To support and promote the use of languages that are at risk of falling out of use. Procedure: The researcher collaborates with community members to develop materials and programs for language learning and use.

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Indirect Elicitation

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Purpose: To collect linguistic data less directly in order to study natural language usage. Procedure: Informants are prompted to produce language through storytelling, picture description, or other communicative tasks.

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