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Immersion education is a teaching strategy that teaches a second language by immersing students in that language environment. Example: French immersion schools in Canada teach students in French to promote bilingualism.

Linguicide, or language killing, is the phenomenon where a language dies out, often due to deliberate policies or neglect. Example: Many indigenous languages of the Americas experienced linguicide due to colonial suppression.

Language reclamation is an effort by a community to recover the heritage and identity linked to a language that has been lost or suppressed. Example: The Miami-Illinois language reclamation efforts aim to reintroduce the language to descendants of the original speakers.

A moribund language is one that has very few speakers left, typically all of whom are part of the oldest generation. Example: The Manx language was considered moribund when the last native speaker died in 1974, though revival efforts have since taken place.

Language shift refers to the process by which a community of speakers abandons their native language in favor of another language. Example: The Gaelic-speaking community in Scotland underwent language shift toward English over the past few centuries.

Language preservation involves the efforts to protect, maintain, and revive a language that is at risk of disappearing. Example: Documentation and education initiatives are part of language preservation efforts for the Welsh language.

Language policy refers to the laws or practices that determine the language(s) used within a state or organization and how it is promoted or restricted. Example: In Canada, bilingual language policies promote the use of both English and French.

An endangered language is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Example: The Ainu language of Japan is considered endangered with only a small number of elderly speakers remaining.

Language vitality refers to the degree to which a language is robustly used by its speakers across generations and spheres of activity. Example: Icelandic has high language vitality since it is widely used in all aspects of life in Iceland.

Language revival is the process of bringing a dying or dead language back into use. Example: The Hebrew language was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries and is now the official language of Israel.

Language ecology explores the relationship between languages and their environments, including how they adapt and interact with each other. Example: Language ecology studies how immigration and urbanization affect the languages spoken in a city.

Diglossia is a situation where two languages or dialects are used by a single language community under different circumstances. Example: In Haiti, French is used for official formal purposes while Haitian Creole is used in everyday conversation.

Language attitudes refer to the beliefs and sentiments that people have about various languages or dialects, which can impact their survival or decline. Example: Positive language attitudes towards Welsh have contributed to its revival and continued use.

Language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker and becomes extinct. Example: The Eyak language of Alaska became extinct in 2008 with the death of its last native speaker, Marie Smith Jones.