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Cross-cultural communication deals with understanding the differences and similarities in communication processes across different cultures and how these impact interactions.

Politeness theory examines how speakers use strategies in conversation to address the social needs for both deference and face-saving, often achieving politeness through indirectness.

Speech acts are the functional units of language used to express intentions, such as requests, apologies, or promises, classified by their performative functions in communication.

Negative face is the desire to be autonomous and free from imposition, with individuals often using indirectness or deference to avoid infringing on it.

Interdiscursivity refers to the ways in which a discourse is shaped by elements from various other discourses, leading to a melding and interaction of different ideological and linguistic features.

Positive face refers to a person's need for their self-image to be accepted and valued by others; it's fostered through positive social acts such as compliments.

Genre analysis is the study of structured patterns within communicative events that adhere to specific social purposes, enabling the classification and examination of discourse types.

Grice's maxims are conversational guidelines proposed by H.P. Grice that include the maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner, essential for cooperative and meaningful conversation.

Implicitness in discourse is the use of indirectness and implied meanings for communication purposes, often used to avoid confrontation or to add layers of meaning.

Deixis encompasses the linguistic elements used to point out or refer to entities, time, or location, such as pronouns, adverbs, and tense, which depend on the context for interpretation.

Narrative analysis examines the structures and mechanisms by which stories are constructed and interpreted, focusing on the order and manner in which events are conveyed.

Register in linguistics refers to the variations in language use based on the context, audience, and purpose, leading to differences in formality, vocabulary, and structure.

Face-threatening acts are communicative acts that intrude on the listener's need to maintain self-esteem, autonomy, or both, potentially damaging social relationships.

Metadiscourse encompasses the aspects of language that facilitate the reader's understanding of a text's organization and the author's stance and assumptions, bridging the gap between writer and reader.

Turn-taking is the manner in which speakers in a conversation manage the exchange of speaking roles, typically following social norms and cues.

Conversational implicature refers to the implied meanings inferred by listeners based on context, rather than explicitly stated by the speaker.

Discourse markers are sequence of words, phrases, or clauses that signal the structure of discourse and organize, relate, or allow for transitions between ideas.

Hedging in discourse analysis refers to using language to lessen the impact of an assertion, thereby making claims or predictions less definitive and more polite.

Cohesion refers to the linguistic elements that make a text stick together and be perceived as a unified whole, such as conjunctions, lexical ties, and ellipsis.

Pragmatic markers are words or phrases that convey the speaker's attitude or stance towards the proposition or the interaction, such as 'honestly', 'well', or 'actually'.

Multimodality refers to the use of multiple modes of communication in conjunction with linguistic forms, such as gestures, images, sounds, and writing, to create richer meaning.

Critical Discourse Analysis is an interdisciplinary approach to studying how power, ideology, and society influence discourse practices, revealing the socio-political dimensions of texts.

Coherence is the logical connections and underlying meaning that make a discourse understandable; it pertains to the organization and connectedness of ideas.

The acquisition of discourse refers to the learning process by which individuals gain the ability to understand and participate effectively in different communicative contexts and genres.