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Phonological Theories
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Generative Phonology
The theory emphasizes rule-based analysis of the phonetic and phonological transformations of sounds in language.
Optimality Theory
This is a constraint-based theory proposing that the observed forms of language arise from the interaction between conflicting constraints.
Natural Phonology
A theory asserting that phonological phenomena arise from natural phonetic tendencies but are limited by a language's phonological system.
Articulatory Phonology
This model focuses on the role of gestures, which are movements of the articulators, in the production of phonological segments and features.
Dependency Phonology
A theory that departs from linear representations of segments and instead posits a hierarchical structure for phonological units.
Autosegmental Phonology
Introduces the concept that features or properties of speech are represented on multiple tiers which function autonomously.
Metrical Phonology
A framework that describes the rhythmic and intonational aspects of language using a hierarchical structure of syllables and stress patterns.
Lexical Phonology
This theory combines phonological processes and morphological structure to understand the representation and realisation of lexical items.
Government Phonology
A theory that reduces phonological units to a small set of elements and emphasizes the interaction between those elements through governing relations.
Feature Geometry
This model represents phonological features as a structured configuration of smaller components, highlighting their inter-relatedness.
Prosodic Phonology
A branch of phonology that studies the structure and behavior of prosodic units such as syllables, metrical feet, phonological words, phrases and utterances.
Stratal Phonology
Advocates for the presence of distinct phonological strata or layers within the lexicon, each with its own rules and representations.
Element Theory
A theoretical framework viewing segments as composed of a small set of primitive elements, each contributing specific phonetic properties.
Harmony Theory
Concerns the long-distance assimilatory processes in which segments gain similar features to become more alike within certain spans.
The Phoneme Theory
The classic concept of a phoneme as the smallest distinctive unit in the sound system of a language that can differentiate meaning.
Distinctive Feature Theory
A theory that breaks down the phonemes (or segments) of all languages into a set of distinctive features.
Diacritic Phonology
This approach uses diacritics or additional signs to indicate phonetic or phonemic sub-properties of segments in linguistic analysis.
Mora Theory
A theory that analyzes the timing and structure of syllables using the concept of the 'mora', a unit smaller than the syllable.
Nonlinear Phonology
An umbrella term for phonological theories that consider the hierarchical and multi-dimensional properties of features, rather than seeing them as linear sequences.
Surface Phonology
This approach stresses the importance of phonetic and phonological properties as they are actually pronounced, or appear on the 'surface'.
Constraint-Based Phonology
Engages with phonological problems by defining how constraints limit and define what is phonologically possible within a language.
Cognitive Phonology
Focuses on understanding phonology in the context of cognitive processes, suggesting that phonological knowledge is shaped by cognitive capacities and patterns of use.
Laboratory Phonology
An interdisciplinary approach that combines experimental methods and tools from laboratory sciences to investigate the relationship between phonetics, phonology, and other areas of linguistics.
Usage-Based Phonology
A theory that emphasizes the role of frequency of use and the cognitive processes of perception and production in shaping phonological structures and patterns.
Exemplar Theory
This model posits that speakers store detailed information about phonetic variations they encounter, with frequently encountered forms becoming central exemplars in their mental lexicon.
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