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The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a specific population during a defined time period. Importance: Indicates the risk of contracting the disease and the effectiveness of prevention efforts.

An extraneous variable that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent and independent variables. Importance: Must be controlled to avoid biased or false conclusions in studies.

The constant presence or usual prevalence of a disease within a geographic area. Importance: Baseline for detecting and responding to outbreaks and changes in disease incidence.

The percentage of people who die from a specified disease among all individuals diagnosed with the disease. Importance: Measures the severity and potential deadliness of diseases.

The total number of cases, both new and preexisting, of a disease in a population at a specific point in time. Importance: Reflects the overall burden of disease in a community.

An experimental study where subjects are randomly allocated to receive one of several clinical interventions. Importance: Considered the gold standard for testing effectiveness and causality.

An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting a large number of people. Importance: Requires global collaboration and resources to manage and control.

The resistance to spread of a contagious disease within a population that results when a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease. Importance: Helps to protect those who are not immune.

A study design that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time. Importance: Useful for determining prevalence and associations between variables at a particular moment.

A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome, representing the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure compared to the odds of the outcome occurring without the exposure. Importance: Used to estimate relative risk in case-control studies.

The difference in disease rate between an exposed population and an unexposed population. Importance: Estimates the proportion of incidences that may be averted if exposure was eliminated.

The mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir to a human host. Importance: Understanding this helps in devising effective control and prevention measures.

The ratio of the incidence of disease in the exposed group to the incidence in the non-exposed group. Importance: Indicates the strength of the association between exposure and disease.

The number of deaths due to a disease in a certain population within a specified period, often per 100,000 population. Importance: A key indicator of disease severity and healthcare quality.

The continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data. Importance: Aids in the detection of outbreaks, monitoring public health, and guiding policy decisions.

An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area. Importance: Triggers a public health response to contain and control spread.

The proportion of susceptible individuals who become infected within a reasonable time following exposure to a primary case within a household or similar setting. Importance: An indicator of disease infectivity and effectiveness of control measures.

The time between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptoms. Importance: Vital for understanding disease dynamics and for quarantine measures.

The study of how diseases are distributed in populations and how to control health problems. Importance: Fundamental for public health policy, understanding disease patterns, and disease prevention.

The state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population. Importance: An indicator of population health and the burden of diseases that do not necessarily lead to death.

An attribute, characteristic, or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Importance: Identifying risk factors is essential for prevention and intervention strategies.

An observational study design that compares individuals with a disease (cases) to those without the disease (controls) to identify factors that may contribute to the disease's prevalence. Importance: Helpful for identifying risk factors, especially for rare conditions.

Systematic errors in the design, conduct or analysis of studies that result in incorrect inferences. Importance: Bias can lead to invalid results and must be minimized in research studies.