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Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases

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Malaria

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Vector: Anopheles mosquitoes; Reservoir: Humans; Prevention: Use of insecticide-treated bed nets, antimalarial drugs, and vector control

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West Nile Virus

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Vector: Culex mosquitoes; Reservoir: Birds; Prevention: Mosquito bite prevention, vector control, and surveillance of bird populations

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Lyme Disease

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Vector: Ixodes ticks; Reservoir: Small mammals and birds; Prevention: Tick avoidance, protective clothing, and tick checks after being outdoors

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Dengue Fever

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Vector: Aedes mosquitoes; Reservoir: Humans; Prevention: Vector control, avoiding mosquito bites, and eliminating standing water

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Zika Virus

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Vector: Aedes mosquitoes; Reservoir: Primates and humans; Prevention: Mosquito bite prevention, sexual transmission prevention, and vector surveillance

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Chikungunya

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Vector: Aedes mosquitoes; Reservoir: Humans and primates; Prevention: Mosquito bite prevention and vector control

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Japanese Encephalitis

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Vector: Culex mosquitoes; Reservoir: Pigs and wild birds; Prevention: Vaccination and avoiding mosquito bites

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Yellow Fever

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Vector: Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes; Reservoir: Primates and humans; Prevention: Vaccination and mosquito bite prevention

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Leishmaniasis

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Vector: Sandflies; Reservoir: Canids, rodents, humans; Prevention: Avoiding sandfly bites, protective clothing and insect repellent

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Filariasis

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Vector: Mosquitoes; Reservoir: Humans; Prevention: Mass drug administration and mosquito control measures

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Schistosomiasis

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Vector: Freshwater snails; Reservoir: Humans; Prevention: Avoiding contaminated water, snail control, and access to clean water

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Rift Valley Fever

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Vector: Mosquitoes; Reservoir: Domestic animals; Prevention: Animal vaccination, vector control, and avoiding animal blood or tissue during outbreaks

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Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)

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Vector: Tsetse flies; Reservoir: Humans and other mammals; Prevention: Vector control, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding tsetse fly-infested areas

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Chagas Disease

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Vector: Triatomine bugs; Reservoir: Humans and other mammals; Prevention: Housing improvements, bed nets, and vector control

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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

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Vector: Ticks; Reservoir: Livestock and wildlife; Prevention: Tick avoidance, protective clothing, and handling of animals with caution

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Tularemia

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Vector: Ticks and deer flies; Reservoir: Rodents, rabbits, and hares; Prevention: Insect bite prevention, handling animals with care, and cooking meat thoroughly

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Plague

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Vector: Fleas; Reservoir: Rodents; Prevention: Rodent control, flea control, and avoiding contact with wildlife

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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

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Vector: None (transmission via rodent droppings); Reservoir: Rodents; Prevention: Rodent control and avoiding exposure to rodent excreta

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Ehrlichiosis

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Vector: Ticks, mainly the Lone Star tick; Reservoir: White-tailed deer and small mammals; Prevention: Tick avoidance and immediate removal of attached ticks

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Tick-borne Encephalitis

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Vector: Ticks, mainly Ixodes species; Reservoir: Small rodents; Prevention: Vaccination (where available) and tick avoidance

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Babesiosis

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Vector: Ixodes ticks; Reservoir: Mice and deer; Prevention: Tick avoidance and prompt removal of ticks

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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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Vector: Ticks, primarily Dermacentor species; Reservoir: Rodents and dogs; Prevention: Tick avoidance and immediate removal of attached ticks

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Anaplasmosis

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Vector: Ticks, primarily Ixodes scapularis; Reservoir: White-tailed deer and rodents; Prevention: Tick avoidance and prompt removal of attached ticks

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Lassa Fever

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Vector: None (transmitted via rodent droppings); Reservoir: Multimammate rats; Prevention: Rodent control, good hygiene, and careful food storage

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Q Fever

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Vector: None (transmitted via inhalation of contaminated dust); Reservoir: Cattle, sheep, and goats; Prevention: Pasteurizing milk and proper disposal of animal waste

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