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Advanced the understanding and treatment of tropical diseases, improving health in regions where such diseases are endemic.

Showed the importance of clean water supply and led to advances in epidemiology and modern urban sanitation.

Provided a method to prevent tuberculosis, one of the most deadly diseases at the time, saving countless lives worldwide.

Marked the beginning of systematic efforts to control infectious diseases and led to the eventual eradication of smallpox.

Prompted public health reform in the UK, leading to sanitation systems that drastically reduced spread of diseases.

Established a modern framework for public health action and sanitation regulation at a national level.

Provided a tool for the prevention of human papillomavirus infections, considerably reducing the risk of cervical and other cancers.

Launched a new area of biomedical science with significant implications for understanding disease and developing targeted treatments.

Contributed to public health by reducing UV radiation exposure and associated risks, like skin cancer and cataracts, globally.

Highlighted the need for infrastructure investment and regulation to prevent public health crises caused by contaminated drinking water.

Ensured safe public drinking water supply and led to the establishment of health-based standards for water quality in the USA.

Led to significant public health efforts to reduce smoking and laid the foundation for anti-smoking legislation.

Strengthened international collaboration on infectious disease control and emphasized the importance of global surveillance systems.

Aimed to address global health challenges and promote well-being for all as part of a broader agenda for sustainable development.

Triggered an unprecedented global health crisis, leading to advances in vaccine development and public health emergency response systems.

Marked a significant turning point in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, drastically reducing mortality and improving life expectancy.

Enabled mass immunization against polio, leading to near eradication of the disease in many countries.

Expanded access to healthcare coverage and introduced measures to improve healthcare quality and reduce costs in the United States.

Emphasized the importance of primary health care and advocated for health equity on a global scale.

Resulted in a significant decline in global measles deaths through coordinated efforts to improve vaccination coverage.

Opened new ways for identifying genetic predispositions to various health conditions and developing personalized medicine approaches.

One of the deadliest pandemics in history, led to the realization of the need for global surveillance and response mechanisms for influenza.

Provided a strategy to prevent malaria in regions with seasonal transmission, reducing incidence and mortality among children.

Strengthened global health security by improving disease detection and response, thus protecting populations from international spread.

Led to increased funding and research into cancer, contributing to advances in detection, treatment, and prevention.

Marks the first and so far the only human disease to be eradicated by deliberate public health intervention.

Prompted a major public health response to confront the HIV/AIDS pandemic and led to the development of antiretroviral therapy.

Galvanized international efforts to intensify immunization campaigns and surveillance activities to eradicate polio.

This longitudinal study revolutionized our understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors and prevention strategies.