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The use of selected reporting units with a high probability of seeing cases of disease due to their geographic or special placement related to population at risk.

A surveillance technique that focuses on the early detection of outbreaks by monitoring for clinical syndromes before diagnosis is confirmed.

Relies on healthcare providers to report cases of diseases to health authorities; characterized by its non-systematic approach.

A process where public health staff actively search for cases by contacting healthcare providers and laboratories.

A standard set of criteria ensuring that cases are consistently diagnosed, regardless of where or by whom.

A measure of the frequency with which new cases of illness occur in a population during a specified time period.

The total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time, divided by the number of individuals in the population.

A measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

Refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population and is often used to express the burden of illness.

An initiative for national public health surveillance that collects, analyzes, and disseminates health data for early detection and prompt response to health threats.

Monitoring and collecting data on vectors that can carry infectious diseases to humans such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

Systematized collection of patient health information and data in a digital format, often used for health trends monitoring and public health surveillance.

Collecting and analyzing environmental data, such as water and air quality, to assess the impact on public health and to predict potential health threats.

The ongoing observation, collection, and analysis of data regarding behaviors or exposures that are known to be associated with health-related conditions.

A variable used to measure the health status of individuals, groups, or populations, which can guide public health policy and interventions.

The collecting and analyzing data on vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine coverage in populations.

The process of applying tests or examinations across a population to identify individuals who may have a particular disease, often before symptoms occur.

A systematic method of studying the etiology, distribution, and control of disease in populations, usually applied when there is a sudden increase in cases.

The periodic monitoring and assessment of dietary intake and nutritional status of populations to discern patterns and trends.