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Function: Signals danger or threats to other individuals, causing dispersal or aggressive behavior. Example: Ants release alarm pheromones to alert colony members of a threat.

Function: Induces long-term behavioral and physiological changes in receivers. Example: Queen pheromones in bees suppress the development of ovaries in worker bees.

Function: Marks boundaries and territory to discourage others from encroaching. Example: Bees release territorial pheromones to defend their hive.

Function: Triggers an immediate behavioral response, often associated with mating or territory. Example: Queen bees use releaser pheromones to maintain the hive's social structure.

Function: Indicates the presence of an individual in an area, often used to signal overcrowding and deter others. Example: Aphids release these pheromones to avoid overcrowding on a host plant.

Function: Signals suitable locations for females to lay eggs. Example: Butterfly females release oviposition pheromones to indicate good sites for egg-laying.

Function: Attracts mating partners of the opposite sex. Example: Moths use sex pheromones to attract mates over long distances.

Function: Benefits both the releaser and receiver, often involved in mutualistic interactions. Example: Certain orchids release synomones that mimic bee sex pheromones to ensure pollination.

Function: Causes individuals to congregate, often used for defense or to overcome host resistance. Example: Bark beetles use aggregation pheromones to mass-attack trees.