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Insecticides and Acaricides
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Chlorfenapyr
Mode of action: Pro-insecticide that is converted into an active form within the insect, disrupting cellular respiration. Target pests: Many types of mites and insects.
Organophosphates
Mode of action: Irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, results in nervous system failure. Target pests: Wide range of insects, mites, and nematodes.
Miticides (Acaricides)
Mode of action: Varies by chemical, but generally disrupts physiological processes unique to mites. Target pests: Spider mites and other mite species.
Pyriproxyfen
Mode of action: Mimics juvenile hormone, preventing the transition to adulthood. Target pests: Whiteflies, aphids, and mosquitoes.
Propoxur
Mode of action: Carbamate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Target pests: Fleas, ticks, ants, and cockroaches.
Etofenprox
Mode of action: Non-ester pyrethroid that affects sodium channels, causing hyperexcitation. Target pests: Wide range including mosquitoes, rice pests, and public health pests.
Pyrethroids
Mode of action: Acts on sodium channels to delay their closure. Target pests: Variety of insects including moths, beetles, and mosquitoes.
Buprofezin
Mode of action: Insect growth regulator that interferes with chitin synthesis, leading to abnormalities during molting. Target pests: Scale insects, whiteflies, and planthoppers.
Spirotetramat
Mode of action: Inhibits lipid synthesis, disrupting energy production and development. Target pests: Aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, and scale insects.
Neonicotinoids
Mode of action: Agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors causing paralysis and death. Target pests: Sapsuckers such as aphids and some beetles.
Carbamates
Mode of action: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase leading to accumulation of acetylcholine. Target pests: Broad range including caterpillars, beetles, and flies.
Organochlorines
Mode of action: Affect the GABA-gated chloride and sodium channels in the CNS. Target pests: Broad spectrum including mosquitoes, flies, and ticks.
Diamides
Mode of action: Activate ryanodine receptors leading to uncontrolled muscle contraction and feeding cessation. Target pests: A variety of lepidopteran pests.
Avermectins
Mode of action: Bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels, impairing neural and muscular functions. Target pests: Mites and insects like leafminers.
Oxadiazines
Mode of action: Disruption of sodium ion channels in the nervous system. Target pests: Primarily lepidopteran insects.
Sodium Channel Blockers
Mode of action: Inhibit the proper function of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Target pests: Cockroaches, ants, and termites.
Spinosyns
Mode of action: Activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neurotransmitter release. Target pests: A range of insects including thrips, caterpillars, and leaf miners.
Phenylpyrazoles
Mode of action: Block the GABA-gated chloride channels causing nervous system excitability. Target pests: Termites, ants, and cockroaches.
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
Mode of action: Mimic or inhibit hormones to disrupt molting, metamorphosis, or reproduction. Target pests: Juvenile stages of insects.
Methoprene
Mode of action: Acts as an insect growth regulator by mimicking juvenile hormone. Target pests: Mosquitoes, fleas, and flies in their developmental stages.
Methiocarb
Mode of action: Cholinesterase inhibitor that leads to overstimulation of the nervous system. Target pests: Slugs, snails, and some insects.
Fenvalerate
Mode of action: Disrupts nerve function by affecting voltage-gated sodium channels. Target pests: Variety of pests including aphids, moths, and beetles.
Emamectin Benzoate
Mode of action: Stimulates the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), causing paralysis. Target pests: Lepidopteran pests such as caterpillars and worms.
Bioinsecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Mode of action: Bacterial toxins form pores in the gut lining leading to sepsis and death. Target pests: Mainly caterpillars and some beetle larvae.
Nereistoxin Analogs
Mode of action: Disrupt normal neurotransmission, leading to paralysis and death. Target pests: Thrips, aphids, and leafhoppers.
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