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Direct method where a soil sample is weighed, dried in an oven, and then weighed again to determine water content by mass loss. Use for high accuracy in laboratory settings.

Measures the tension or suction of water in soil, indicating how readily plants can absorb soil moisture. Use for continuous field monitoring of soil water tension.

Estimates soil moisture by observing the surface temperature variation caused by evaporation. When the soil is moist, temperatures remain cooler. Use predominantly in research and for surface-level measurements.

Employs an electromagnetic wave sent through a probe to measure the dielectric constant of the soil, which can be linked to soil moisture. Use for accurate, fast, and non-destructive field measurements.

Measures the frequency change of an electromagnetic wave to determine the soil's dielectric properties, which are related to its moisture content. Use for continuous soil moisture profiling in fields.

Utilizes the moderation and counting of fast neutrons, which are slowed down by hydrogen atoms in water molecules present in soil. Use in the field, especially for large-volume measurements.

Uses the electrical resistance between electrodes within a porous block to gauge soil moisture. Use for an affordable and simple estimation of soil water tension.