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Description: A modified furrow irrigation method where water is applied to furrows in a series of on-and-off pulses. Benefits: Improves water distribution and reduces runoff. Limitations: Requires specialized equipment and management skills to apply the water pulses effectively.

Description: A method where water is delivered to crops via small channels or furrows between the rows. Benefits: Saves water compared to flood irrigation, allows for more uniform water distribution. Limitations: Requires careful field leveling and can lead to soil erosion if not managed properly.

Description: Consists of flat areas surrounded by small earthen bunds, water is ponded in the basin and infiltrates into the soil to reach the plant roots. Benefits: Good for crops that require standing water, like rice. Limitations: Not suitable for all crop types, requires level fields.

Description: An uncontrolled method of surface irrigation where the entire field is flooded with water. Benefits: Simple and doesn't require sophisticated infrastructure. Limitations: Water wastage is high, not suitable for all soil types, and can lead to waterlogging.