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Balance in calligraphy refers to the visual equilibrium and stability of the composition. It's important to ensure that the layout neither appears too heavy on one side nor too light on the other, creating a harmonious and pleasing effect.

Unity in calligraphy composition means all elements of the work combine to create a coherent, complete and harmonious piece. This helps in creating a layout where every part seems to belong and contributes to the overall message.

Rhythm in calligraphy is the patterned repetition of elements that creates a sense of movement within the artwork. It guides the eye through the text and adds to the overall aesthetic appeal and flow of the composition.

Contrast in calligraphy is used to create visual interest and focus. Varying stroke widths, sizes, and type of script within a layout draws attention to particular areas, making them stand out.

Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a calligraphy piece. Proper proportion maintains harmony and balance, ensuring that some parts of the artwork do not overwhelm others.

Hierarchy in calligraphy involves arranging text so that the most important elements are made to attract the most attention through scale, colour, weight, and placement. This guides the viewer through the content in a logical manner.

Alignment refers to the orderly arrangement of text so that it lines up along a common line or axis. Good alignment in calligraphy helps in creating a clean, structured, and easily readable layout.

White space in calligraphy, also known as negative space, is the unmarked areas between and around the letters and words. This space helps in reducing visual noise, improves readability, and allows the composition to breathe.

Flow in calligraphy is the visual path the eye follows through the layout. It dictates how the viewer reads the content from one part to another. Creating good flow ensures that the artwork is engaging and readable.