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The part of a lowercase letter that extends above the mean line of a font, as found in letters like 'b' or 'd'. Ascenders help to determine the legibility and readability of a script, and contribute to the overall aesthetic.

The part of a lowercase letter that extends below the baseline, as seen in letters like 'p' or 'y'. Descenders can affect the spacing and design of a typeface, and impact how a script looks when it's lined up with other lines of text.

A point at the top of a letter where two strokes meet, most often found in characters like 'A' or 'M'. The design of the apex influences the sharpness and readability of the letters.

The main curved stroke in the letter 'S'. It provides structure and balance to the letter. Understanding the spine is critical in designing S-shaped characters, ensuring fluidity and consistency.

A slight projection finishing off the strokes of a letter. Serifs can be used to guide the flow of reading and can affect legibility, especially in printed texts. They contribute to the style and character of a typeface.

The line upon which most letters sit and descendents extend below. The baseline is crucial in aligning a series of letters and contributes to the visual coherence of text.

The height of the lowercase letters, specifically the height of the letter 'x', which generally defines the body of lowercase letters in a font. It is significant for readability and how chunky or slender a block of text appears.

The open space in a fully or partially enclosed part of a letter, as seen in letters like 'a', 'b', 'd', or 'o'. Counters affect the overall weight of the letter and readability at different sizes.

The line that marks the top of the x-height in a typeface. It defines the top of lowercase letters (except for ascenders and certain special characters). This line is essential in creating a visual uniformity in a script.