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Common Calligraphy Terms

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Majuscule

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Another term for uppercase letters.

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Minuscule

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Another term for lowercase letters.

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Ligature

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The combination of two or more letters into a single glyph.

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Swash

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A fancy flourish replacing or attached to a letterform, often at the beginning or end of a word.

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X-height

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The height of the main body of lowercase letters, such as 'x', excluding ascenders and descenders.

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Serif

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A small line or stroke regularly attached to the end of a larger stroke in a letter or symbol.

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Kerning

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The adjustment of space between pairs of letters to create a visually pleasing result.

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Pen angle

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The angle at which the pen is held to the writing surface, affecting the shape and thickness of the lines.

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Counter

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The open space in a fully or partly closed area within a letter.

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Ductus

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The series of strokes that make up a letter, including their direction, sequence, and pressure used.

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Ascender

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The part of a lowercase letter that extends above the main body of the letter (above the x-height).

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Flourish

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Decorative elements added to letters or writing, typically extending from the main forms.

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Weight

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The thickness of a stroke within a letter, impacting how light or bold a typeface looks.

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Baseline

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The line on which the letters sit.

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Descender

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The part of a lowercase letter that extends below the baseline.

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