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A circular economy is an economic model focused on designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems.

In supply chains, this involves repairing, upgrading, or re-manufacturing products to extend their usability and reduce waste.

Products are designed so that they can be easily taken apart at end of life, allowing components to be reused or recycled.

Supply chains focus on recovering materials from used products for recycling and reuse in new products.

Improving resource efficiency in supply chains reduces the use of raw materials and energy consumption, thereby decreasing environmental impact.

Supply chains incorporate bio-based materials which are biodegradable and can be safely reintegrated into the environment after use.

Supply chains are designed to facilitate the return of products from end users back to producers for reprocessing or recycling.

Instead of selling products, companies lease them to consumers, ensuring the return of products for maintenance, re-use, or recycling.

Companies in a supply chain collaborate to use by-products or waste from one process as raw materials for another, creating an interlinked system.

Products are designed in modular ways that allow easy replacement or upgrading of parts, extending the product's lifespan and reducing waste.

Optimizing transportation, production, and distribution to minimize energy use and waste production while maximizing resource productivity.

Supply chains adopt renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.

Sourcing and producing goods locally to reduce transportation emissions and support local economies.

Implementing strategies in supply chain processes to ensure no waste is produced that cannot be reused, recycled, or composted.

Used products are dismantled and restored to like-new condition, allowing them to re-enter the supply chain and reduce the need for new resources.

Using data analytics to monitor and improve resource efficiency and sustainability performance in supply chain operations.

A supply chain that is fully circular, where materials flow in a closed-loop system, minimizing waste and maximizing reuse and recycling.

Developing packaging solutions that are recyclable, reusable, or compostable to reduce the environmental impact of packaging in the supply chain.

Supply chain models that facilitate product sharing or pooling to reduce overproduction and overconsumption.