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Global Supply Chains

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Just-In-Time (JIT)

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An inventory management strategy that aligns raw-material orders with production schedules to reduce inventory costs.

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Lean Manufacturing

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A production methodology aimed at reducing waste within manufacturing systems without compromising productivity.

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Bullwhip Effect

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A phenomenon where small fluctuations in demand at the retail level cause increasingly larger fluctuations in demand at the wholesale, distributor, manufacturer, and raw material supplier levels.

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Supply Chain Visibility

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The ability of all supply chain stakeholders to access real-time data regarding the movement and status of goods and services.

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Intermodal Transportation

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The use of multiple modes of transportation, like ships, trains, and trucks, to move goods from origin to destination.

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Supply Chain Risk Management

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The identification, assessment, and mitigation of risks that could affect the supply chain.

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Global Sourcing

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Procuring goods and services from suppliers worldwide to take advantage of global efficiencies.

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Outsourcing

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Contracting out parts of the production or services processes to external partners.

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Trade Compliance

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Ensuring that global trade activities comply with all relevant laws and regulations of the countries involved.

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Inventory Turnover

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A ratio showing how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced over a period of time. Calculated as

CostofGoodsSoldAverageInventoryfortheperiod\frac{Cost of Goods Sold}{Average Inventory for the period}
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Third-Party Logistics (3PL)

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Outsourcing logistics and transportation services to a third-party provider.

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Fourth-Party Logistics (4PL)

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A firm that assembles and manages all logistics resources, capabilities, and technologies of an organization with its complement of third-party service providers.

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Reverse Logistics

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The process of moving goods from their final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal.

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Blockchain in Supply Chain

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The use of blockchain technology to enhance transparency, security, and traceability in supply chains.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

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Using electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.

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Incoterms

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A series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce relating to international commercial law.

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Supply Chain Sustainability

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The management of environmental, social, and economic impacts within the supply chain.

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Cold Chain

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A temperature-controlled supply chain used to preserve and transport perishable products.

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Capacity Planning

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The process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands.

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Total Quality Management (TQM)

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A management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction, focusing on continuous improvement of products and services.

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Demand Forecasting

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The practice of predicting future customer demand using historical data, market trends, and statistical tools.

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Supply Chain Optimization

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Continuous improvement of the supply chain through strategic planning and the application of technologies to increase efficiency and reduce costs.

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Digital Supply Chain

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Utilizing digital technologies to improve and integrate the end-to-end processes in the supply chain.

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Ethical Sourcing

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Procurement processes that respect and strives to improve the environmental and social impacts of the supply chain.

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Freight Forwarding

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The service of organizing shipments to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer, or final point of distribution.

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Agile Supply Chain

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Supply chain management focused on flexibility and responsiveness to changing market conditions and customer needs.

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Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)

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An inventory management practice where the supplier maintains the inventory levels for the customer.

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Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

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The optimal order quantity that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs. Calculated with the formula

EOQ=2DSHEOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2DS}{H}}
where DD is the annual demand, SS is the order cost, and HH is the holding cost per unit per year.

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Supply Chain Integration

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The process of coordinating the physical and informational flows within a supply chain to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency.

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Green Supply Chain Management

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Incorporating environmental thinking into supply-chain management, including product design, material sourcing, and selection, manufacturing processes, and product distribution.

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Horizontal Integration

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The process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.

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Vertical Integration

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The expansion of a firm's operations into other stages of the supply chain.

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Demand Planning

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The process of forecasting the demand for a product or service so it can be produced and delivered more efficiently and to the satisfaction of customers.

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Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP)

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A partnership between suppliers and customers to continuously supply products based on current demand.

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Reshoring

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The practice of bringing manufacturing and services back to a company's original country from overseas.

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Cross-Docking

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A logistics procedure where products from a supplier or manufacturing plant are distributed directly to a customer or retail chain with marginal to no handling or storage time.

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