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Global Supply Chains
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Just-In-Time (JIT)
An inventory management strategy that aligns raw-material orders with production schedules to reduce inventory costs.
Lean Manufacturing
A production methodology aimed at reducing waste within manufacturing systems without compromising productivity.
Bullwhip Effect
A phenomenon where small fluctuations in demand at the retail level cause increasingly larger fluctuations in demand at the wholesale, distributor, manufacturer, and raw material supplier levels.
Supply Chain Visibility
The ability of all supply chain stakeholders to access real-time data regarding the movement and status of goods and services.
Intermodal Transportation
The use of multiple modes of transportation, like ships, trains, and trucks, to move goods from origin to destination.
Supply Chain Risk Management
The identification, assessment, and mitigation of risks that could affect the supply chain.
Global Sourcing
Procuring goods and services from suppliers worldwide to take advantage of global efficiencies.
Outsourcing
Contracting out parts of the production or services processes to external partners.
Trade Compliance
Ensuring that global trade activities comply with all relevant laws and regulations of the countries involved.
Inventory Turnover
A ratio showing how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced over a period of time. Calculated as
Third-Party Logistics (3PL)
Outsourcing logistics and transportation services to a third-party provider.
Fourth-Party Logistics (4PL)
A firm that assembles and manages all logistics resources, capabilities, and technologies of an organization with its complement of third-party service providers.
Reverse Logistics
The process of moving goods from their final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal.
Blockchain in Supply Chain
The use of blockchain technology to enhance transparency, security, and traceability in supply chains.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Using electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.
Incoterms
A series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce relating to international commercial law.
Supply Chain Sustainability
The management of environmental, social, and economic impacts within the supply chain.
Cold Chain
A temperature-controlled supply chain used to preserve and transport perishable products.
Capacity Planning
The process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
A management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction, focusing on continuous improvement of products and services.
Demand Forecasting
The practice of predicting future customer demand using historical data, market trends, and statistical tools.
Supply Chain Optimization
Continuous improvement of the supply chain through strategic planning and the application of technologies to increase efficiency and reduce costs.
Digital Supply Chain
Utilizing digital technologies to improve and integrate the end-to-end processes in the supply chain.
Ethical Sourcing
Procurement processes that respect and strives to improve the environmental and social impacts of the supply chain.
Freight Forwarding
The service of organizing shipments to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer, or final point of distribution.
Agile Supply Chain
Supply chain management focused on flexibility and responsiveness to changing market conditions and customer needs.
Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
An inventory management practice where the supplier maintains the inventory levels for the customer.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
The optimal order quantity that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs. Calculated with the formula
Supply Chain Integration
The process of coordinating the physical and informational flows within a supply chain to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency.
Green Supply Chain Management
Incorporating environmental thinking into supply-chain management, including product design, material sourcing, and selection, manufacturing processes, and product distribution.
Horizontal Integration
The process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.
Vertical Integration
The expansion of a firm's operations into other stages of the supply chain.
Demand Planning
The process of forecasting the demand for a product or service so it can be produced and delivered more efficiently and to the satisfaction of customers.
Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP)
A partnership between suppliers and customers to continuously supply products based on current demand.
Reshoring
The practice of bringing manufacturing and services back to a company's original country from overseas.
Cross-Docking
A logistics procedure where products from a supplier or manufacturing plant are distributed directly to a customer or retail chain with marginal to no handling or storage time.
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