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The bullwhip effect describes the increasing fluctuations in inventory levels in response to shifts in consumer demand as one moves further up the supply chain.

Just-In-Time is an inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process.

Lean manufacturing is a methodology that focuses on minimizing waste within manufacturing systems while simultaneously maximizing productivity.

Agility in supply chain management refers to the ability of a supply chain to respond quickly to market changes and customer demands.

Supply chain integration involves the coordination and collaboration of all parties involved in the supply chain, from suppliers to manufacturers to retailers.

Risk pooling is a strategy used in supply chain management to reduce the impact of uncertainty in demand by pooling risks across multiple locations or products.

Postponement refers to delaying the final manufacturing or distribution of a product until customer orders are received to better match supply with demand.

Supply chain resilience is the ability of a supply chain to prepare for unexpected events, respond to disruptions, and recover quickly to resume its normal operations.

Total Quality Management is an approach to continuous improvement that focuses on customer satisfaction through an all-inclusive approach to quality in every aspect of corporate operations.

Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement, with the goal of improving the quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects.

Outsourcing involves the contracting out of business processes to third-party providers, often to leverage cost advantages, focus on core competencies, or improve service levels.

Vertical integration is when a company expands its business operations into different steps on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier or distributor.

Horizontal integration occurs when a company acquires or merges with a competitor operating at the same level of the value chain, allowing for increased market power.

CRM is a strategy for managing an organization's relationships and interactions with current and potential customers, with the goal of improving business relationships.

Vendor-Managed Inventory is a supply chain initiative where the supplier is responsible for maintaining the manufacturer's inventory levels.

Demand forecasting involves using historical sales data, statistical algorithms, and market analysis to predict future customer demand to optimize supply chain decisions.

Supply chain sustainability focuses on creating, operating, and controlling supply chain processes with a minimal negative impact on the environment, society, and economy.

Cross-docking is a logistics procedure where products from a supplier or manufacturer are distributed directly to a customer or retail chain with minimal handling and storage time.

Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands for its products.

Kanban is a scheduling system for lean and just-in-time production, which uses cards to signal the need to move materials within a manufacturing or production facility.

CPFR is an approach that aims to enhance the coordination of supply chain partners through joint planning and sharing of information to optimize the supply chain.

Economic Order Quantity is the optimal number of units that should be purchased to minimize total costs associated with inventory, including holding and order costs.

Safety stock is an additional quantity of an item held in inventory to reduce the risk of stockouts due to variations in supply or demand.

Customization in the supply chain refers to the provision of products or services that are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of individual customers.