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Health Communication Theories
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Diffusion of Innovations Theory
This theory explains how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. In the context of health communication, it can be used to understand how new health behaviors or practices are adopted by populations. The theory identifies five key factors that influence the adoption process: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
This theory suggests that behavior is driven by behavioral intentions where intention is a function of an individual's attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norms regarding the behavior, and perceived control over the behavior. TPB is often used to predict and understand a wide range of health behaviors.
Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)
EPPM is built upon elements of the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior, focusing on fear appeals in health communication. It suggests that for a message to be effective, it must contain threat information and efficacy information, leading to either danger control (adopting the recommended behavior) or fear control (ignoring the recommendations).
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
SCT is a theory of behavior change that emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experiences, and reciprocal determinism in developing health behaviors. The theory also focuses on self-efficacy beliefs as a central mechanism by which behavioral change occurs. SCT can be used to develop educational programs that model health-promoting behaviors.
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)
PMT proposes that people protect themselves based on four factors: perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived response efficacy, and self-efficacy. In health communication, it is used to design messages that encourage protective health behaviors by addressing these cognitive processes.
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
CAT explores how people adjust their communication styles to accommodate others. In health settings, it can be applied to understand how healthcare professionals communicate with patients and how adjustments in communication can lead to more effective health outcomes.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
TTM focuses on the decision-making of the individual and is a model of intentional change. It theorizes that people move through five stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. TTM is used to assess an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior and to provide strategies or processes to guide the individual through the stages of change to Action and Maintenance.
Social Marketing Theory
Social Marketing Theory utilizes marketing techniques to promote socially beneficial behavior change. It draws upon the 4 'P's of traditional marketing: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion, to influence health behaviors in a target audience. This theory is widely used in public health campaigns to encourage healthy behaviors.
Health Belief Model (HBM)
The HBM is a psychological model that explains and predicts health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. It posits that a person's belief in a personal threat of an illness or disease, together with a belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior, will predict the likelihood of adopting the behavior.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
ELM posits that there are two routes to persuasion: a central route, which involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of the information presented, and a peripheral route, which relies on surface characteristics such as the attractiveness or credibility of the source. This model can help in crafting health messages that either systematically persuade or use cues for heuristic processing.
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