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Efforts and strategies aimed at protecting and revitalizing languages that are endangered or at risk of becoming extinct, often involving recording, teaching, and policy-making.

Pidgins are simplified languages that develop as means of communication between speakers of different languages. Creoles are pidgins that have become fully developed languages, typically used by a community over generations.

The loss of linguistic abilities or fluency in a language, typically due to lack of use. Can affect any language skill and often happens to immigrants.

When a child is raised with two languages from birth and learns them at the same time, often resulting in native proficiency in both languages.

A linguistic phenomenon where elements of one language (such as phonology, syntax, or vocabulary) affect the use of another language, often because of a learner's imperfect learning of the second language.

A process where multilingual speakers use their languages as an integrated communication system. It is used strategically to make meaning, shape experiences, and gain understanding.

The theory that there is a developmental window during which language acquisition occurs most efficiently, and after which second-language learning is much more difficult and often lacks native-like proficiency.

A phenomenon where a speaker alternates between two or more languages or dialects in the context of a single conversation. This can reflect a mixed cultural identity or situational use.

This occurs when speakers import words from one language into another, which often leads to new word forms or meanings in the recipient language.