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Broadcast Journalism Terminology

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SOT

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Stands for Sound on Tape, referring to pre-recorded audio or video segments, especially interviews or statements, used within a news report or package.

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Anchor

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The primary presenter of a news broadcast who introduces stories, provides transitions between segments, and is often the face associated with a particular news program.

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Package

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A pre-produced segment or feature within a news broadcast which includes the reporter’s voiceover, interviews, and video footage, edited together to tell a complete story.

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Live Shot

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A report broadcasted in real-time, directly from the location of a news event, often featuring the on-scene reporter who provides updates and commentary.

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Voiceover (VO)

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A production technique where a non-diegetic voice is heard over the video. It is used to provide information, context, or narration to the audience without the speaker being seen on screen.

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Lower Third

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The on-screen graphic used to display contextual details such as a person's name, title, or location, usually placed on the lower third part of the screen.

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Rundown

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A detailed timeline or script for a news broadcast that outlines the order and timing for each story, segment, and transition that will occur during the show.

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Outcue

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The last words spoken in a prerecorded segment or report, often used to signal to the control room or on-air talent that the segment is concluding.

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IFB

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Stands for Interruptible Foldback, a communication device worn by on-air talent that allows them to listen to program feed and receive directions from the control room discreetly.

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Tease

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A brief, intriguing preview of an upcoming story or segment meant to keep the viewer engaged and interested in staying tuned to the program.

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Crossfade

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An audio and video transition in which one sound or image fades out while another simultaneously fades in, creating a smooth changeover between segments or clips.

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Back Time

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The calculation of the start time for a live broadcast segment to ensure it fits within the remaining time of a program, so it ends at a predetermined time.

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Breaking News

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A term used in broadcasting to denote news events that are currently unfolding or have just occurred, often prompting interruption of regular programming to report the event.

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VOSOT

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Stands for Voice Over Sound on Tape, a news story format that begins with a voiceover by the anchor or reporter, followed by a soundbite or video footage (SOT).

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Hit Time

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The scheduled time at which a live shot, report, or segment must go on air during a broadcast, with often precise timing to fit within the overall program's structure.

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Stand-up

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A portion of a news report where the reporter speaks directly to the camera either to bridge two recorded segments or to provide insight and context on the subject matter.

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Sweep

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A strategic time period when Nielsen ratings are closely monitored to determine viewership numbers, often used by broadcasters to set advertising rates.

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MOS

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Stands for Man on the Street, which is a segment featuring impromptu interviews with the public to get spontaneous reactions or opinions on a particular topic.

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B-roll

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Supplementary footage that provides visual support for the narrative and is commonly used for cutaways in editing. It often includes establishing shots, reaction shots, or imagery that enhances the story.

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Chyron

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A graphic overlay located at the bottom of the screen during a broadcast that usually displays titles, names, or other important information to the viewer.

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FCC

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The Federal Communications Commission is the U.S. government agency responsible for regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.

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NAT Sound

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Short for Natural Sound, it refers to audio that is captured from the environment being filmed, such as background noises, which adds ambiance and realism to the segment.

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Cue

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A signal that directs the on-air talent or technical staff to perform a particular action, such as starting to speak, cutting to a segment, or playing a video.

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Lead-in

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An introduction or opening statement made by an anchor or reporter that sets up the story for the viewer, providing context before switching to a package or live shot.

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Cutaway

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A shot of something other than the main action or speaker, often used to cover edits, show audience reaction, or provide visual variety to an interview or news report.

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