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Broadcast Journalism Terminology
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SOT
Stands for Sound on Tape, referring to pre-recorded audio or video segments, especially interviews or statements, used within a news report or package.
Anchor
The primary presenter of a news broadcast who introduces stories, provides transitions between segments, and is often the face associated with a particular news program.
Package
A pre-produced segment or feature within a news broadcast which includes the reporter’s voiceover, interviews, and video footage, edited together to tell a complete story.
Live Shot
A report broadcasted in real-time, directly from the location of a news event, often featuring the on-scene reporter who provides updates and commentary.
Voiceover (VO)
A production technique where a non-diegetic voice is heard over the video. It is used to provide information, context, or narration to the audience without the speaker being seen on screen.
Lower Third
The on-screen graphic used to display contextual details such as a person's name, title, or location, usually placed on the lower third part of the screen.
Rundown
A detailed timeline or script for a news broadcast that outlines the order and timing for each story, segment, and transition that will occur during the show.
Outcue
The last words spoken in a prerecorded segment or report, often used to signal to the control room or on-air talent that the segment is concluding.
IFB
Stands for Interruptible Foldback, a communication device worn by on-air talent that allows them to listen to program feed and receive directions from the control room discreetly.
Tease
A brief, intriguing preview of an upcoming story or segment meant to keep the viewer engaged and interested in staying tuned to the program.
Crossfade
An audio and video transition in which one sound or image fades out while another simultaneously fades in, creating a smooth changeover between segments or clips.
Back Time
The calculation of the start time for a live broadcast segment to ensure it fits within the remaining time of a program, so it ends at a predetermined time.
Breaking News
A term used in broadcasting to denote news events that are currently unfolding or have just occurred, often prompting interruption of regular programming to report the event.
VOSOT
Stands for Voice Over Sound on Tape, a news story format that begins with a voiceover by the anchor or reporter, followed by a soundbite or video footage (SOT).
Hit Time
The scheduled time at which a live shot, report, or segment must go on air during a broadcast, with often precise timing to fit within the overall program's structure.
Stand-up
A portion of a news report where the reporter speaks directly to the camera either to bridge two recorded segments or to provide insight and context on the subject matter.
Sweep
A strategic time period when Nielsen ratings are closely monitored to determine viewership numbers, often used by broadcasters to set advertising rates.
MOS
Stands for Man on the Street, which is a segment featuring impromptu interviews with the public to get spontaneous reactions or opinions on a particular topic.
B-roll
Supplementary footage that provides visual support for the narrative and is commonly used for cutaways in editing. It often includes establishing shots, reaction shots, or imagery that enhances the story.
Chyron
A graphic overlay located at the bottom of the screen during a broadcast that usually displays titles, names, or other important information to the viewer.
FCC
The Federal Communications Commission is the U.S. government agency responsible for regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.
NAT Sound
Short for Natural Sound, it refers to audio that is captured from the environment being filmed, such as background noises, which adds ambiance and realism to the segment.
Cue
A signal that directs the on-air talent or technical staff to perform a particular action, such as starting to speak, cutting to a segment, or playing a video.
Lead-in
An introduction or opening statement made by an anchor or reporter that sets up the story for the viewer, providing context before switching to a package or live shot.
Cutaway
A shot of something other than the main action or speaker, often used to cover edits, show audience reaction, or provide visual variety to an interview or news report.
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