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Journalism Law

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Sedition Laws

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Laws that criminalize speech that is regarded as threatening to government stability. Example: A journalist charged for publishing material that allegedly incites rebellion against the government.

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Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

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A law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information controlled by the U.S. government. Example: Journalists requesting documents related to government spending.

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Intellectual Property

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Legal rights over creations of the mind. Example: A newspaper must obtain permission or pay for the right to reproduce a photograph taken by an independent photographer.

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Prior Restraint

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Government action that prohibits speech or publication before it occurs. Example: An injunction preventing a newspaper from publishing classified documents.

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False Light

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Portraying someone in a misleading way that may cause harm to their reputation. Example: Publishing an article that suggests, inaccurately, that a person engaged in improper behavior.

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Open Meetings Laws

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Legislation that mandates certain government meetings be open to the public and press. Example: A journalist attends a city council meeting to report on its proceedings.

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Public Figure Doctrine

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The legal principle that public figures have less privacy rights due to their status. Example: A celebrity must prove 'actual malice' in a defamation suit.

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Broadcast Spectrum Regulation

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Government control over the radio frequency spectrum and licensing. Example: An FCC auction of airwaves for television and radio broadcasters.

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Actual Malice

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Knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth. Example: Publishing damaging false information about a public figure, knowing it to be false.

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Editorial Independence

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The freedom of editors to make decisions without outside influence. Example: Rejecting government or advertiser demands to alter or drop a news story.

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Sunshine Laws

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Regulations requiring governmental processes and decisions to be open to the public. Example: Media outlets attend and report on meetings held by government agencies.

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Byline Strike

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A form of protest where journalists remove their name from their articles. Example: Journalists protest against a new editorial policy by not allowing the use of their bylines.

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Fair Use

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The allowance to use copyrighted material without permission for limited purposes. Example: A journalist uses a short clip from a film to discuss its cultural impact.

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Freedom of Press

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The right of journalists to report news without government restriction. Example: Newspapers challenging censorship laws in court.

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Copy-right

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The exclusive legal right given to the creator of an original work for its use and distribution. Example: A freelance journalist selling the rights for their articles to different news outlets.

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Defamation

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A false statement that injures someone's reputation. Example: A news article falsely claiming a politician committed a crime.

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Privilege

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Legal protection allowing journalists to report legislative, judicial, or executive proceedings without being sued for defamation. Example: Accurate court reports that include defamatory statements made in court.

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Reporter's Privilege

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The right of journalists to keep their sources and information confidential. Example: A journalist is shielded from revealing their sources during a legal proceeding.

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Net Neutrality

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The principle that internet service providers should treat all data equally. Example: Independent news websites loading at the same speed as larger, corporate news sites.

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News Gathering Tort

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A legal wrong committed during the process of collecting news information. Example: A journalist trespassing on private property to obtain a story.

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Embedding

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Journalists attaching themselves to military units to report on conflicts. Example: Reporters covering wars from the front lines with the military's permission and restrictions.

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Citizen Journalism

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News reported by the public without professional journalists. Example: A local resident using social media to spread information about a community event or incident.

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Obscenity Laws

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Regulations prohibiting the distribution of obscene materials. Example: A magazine fined for distributing content deemed offensive by community standards.

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Shield Laws

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Laws that protect journalists from revealing their sources. Example: A reporter refuses to disclose a whistleblower in court.

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Chilling Effect

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The discouragement of the legitimate exercise of legal rights by the threat of legal sanction. Example: Journalists refraining from reporting on controversial topics due to fear of litigation.

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