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Journalism Law
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Sedition Laws
Laws that criminalize speech that is regarded as threatening to government stability. Example: A journalist charged for publishing material that allegedly incites rebellion against the government.
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
A law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information controlled by the U.S. government. Example: Journalists requesting documents related to government spending.
Intellectual Property
Legal rights over creations of the mind. Example: A newspaper must obtain permission or pay for the right to reproduce a photograph taken by an independent photographer.
Prior Restraint
Government action that prohibits speech or publication before it occurs. Example: An injunction preventing a newspaper from publishing classified documents.
False Light
Portraying someone in a misleading way that may cause harm to their reputation. Example: Publishing an article that suggests, inaccurately, that a person engaged in improper behavior.
Open Meetings Laws
Legislation that mandates certain government meetings be open to the public and press. Example: A journalist attends a city council meeting to report on its proceedings.
Public Figure Doctrine
The legal principle that public figures have less privacy rights due to their status. Example: A celebrity must prove 'actual malice' in a defamation suit.
Broadcast Spectrum Regulation
Government control over the radio frequency spectrum and licensing. Example: An FCC auction of airwaves for television and radio broadcasters.
Actual Malice
Knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth. Example: Publishing damaging false information about a public figure, knowing it to be false.
Editorial Independence
The freedom of editors to make decisions without outside influence. Example: Rejecting government or advertiser demands to alter or drop a news story.
Sunshine Laws
Regulations requiring governmental processes and decisions to be open to the public. Example: Media outlets attend and report on meetings held by government agencies.
Byline Strike
A form of protest where journalists remove their name from their articles. Example: Journalists protest against a new editorial policy by not allowing the use of their bylines.
Fair Use
The allowance to use copyrighted material without permission for limited purposes. Example: A journalist uses a short clip from a film to discuss its cultural impact.
Freedom of Press
The right of journalists to report news without government restriction. Example: Newspapers challenging censorship laws in court.
Copy-right
The exclusive legal right given to the creator of an original work for its use and distribution. Example: A freelance journalist selling the rights for their articles to different news outlets.
Defamation
A false statement that injures someone's reputation. Example: A news article falsely claiming a politician committed a crime.
Privilege
Legal protection allowing journalists to report legislative, judicial, or executive proceedings without being sued for defamation. Example: Accurate court reports that include defamatory statements made in court.
Reporter's Privilege
The right of journalists to keep their sources and information confidential. Example: A journalist is shielded from revealing their sources during a legal proceeding.
Net Neutrality
The principle that internet service providers should treat all data equally. Example: Independent news websites loading at the same speed as larger, corporate news sites.
News Gathering Tort
A legal wrong committed during the process of collecting news information. Example: A journalist trespassing on private property to obtain a story.
Embedding
Journalists attaching themselves to military units to report on conflicts. Example: Reporters covering wars from the front lines with the military's permission and restrictions.
Citizen Journalism
News reported by the public without professional journalists. Example: A local resident using social media to spread information about a community event or incident.
Obscenity Laws
Regulations prohibiting the distribution of obscene materials. Example: A magazine fined for distributing content deemed offensive by community standards.
Shield Laws
Laws that protect journalists from revealing their sources. Example: A reporter refuses to disclose a whistleblower in court.
Chilling Effect
The discouragement of the legitimate exercise of legal rights by the threat of legal sanction. Example: Journalists refraining from reporting on controversial topics due to fear of litigation.
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