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Legislation passed by various countries that mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information, enhancing transparency, and accountability in the functioning of the government.

Laws that provide a legal protection or 'shield' to journalists from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources in court.

A classified report leaked in 1971 that was published by The New York Times, leading to a landmark Supreme Court decision on the First Amendment and press freedom, stating that the government could not prevent the publication unless they could prove direct and immediate harm.

The principle that Internet service providers should treat all data on the Internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, or application.

A statement that injures a third party's reputation. The tort of defamation includes both libel (written statements) and slander (spoken statements) and can be a ground for censorship if not handled properly in journalism.

The combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the internet domestically. It is a symbol of Internet censorship and surveillance in China.

An international non-profit organization that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources, its activities raise debates about the limits of press freedom and the right to privacy of governments and individuals.

A set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most U.S. motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is an early example of efforts to regulate content in the entertainment industry.

The right claimed by journalists to not testify about information or sources obtained during the news-gathering process, often protected by shield laws.

An extension of the Espionage Act of 1917, which made it a crime to make spoken or written statements that intended to cast contempt, scorn, or disrepute on the form of the government, or advocated interference with the war effort during World War I.

A request from the United Kingdom government to news editors not to publish or broadcast items on specified subjects for reasons of national security.

The trial of New York publisher John Peter Zenger, which established the defense of truth in libel cases and laid the foundation for the American concept of press freedom.

The practice in which governments engage more rigorous and often restrictive measures to control the media and information circulation within a country, usually to maintain morale and public order during a time of war.

A former policy of the United States Federal Communications Commission that required the holders of broadcast licenses to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was, in the FCC's view, honest, equitable, and balanced. Abandoned in 1987.

An article that guarantees the right to freedom of expression and information, including the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers.

An independent watchdog organization dedicated to the expansion of freedom and democracy around the world, it evaluates the level of freedom of the press in various countries and publishes annual reports.

Progressive Era journalists who aimed to expose social issues and corporate monopolies, often leading to public outcry and resultant reforms but sometimes facing censorship and pushback for their investigative reporting.