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Typography Terms

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Serif

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A small decorative line added as embellishment to the basic form of a character. Example: Times New Roman.

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Sans-serif

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A style of typeface that lacks the extending features called serifs at the end of strokes. Example: Arial.

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Leading

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The vertical space between lines of text. Example: Setting a 12pt font size with 14pt leading.

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Kerning

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Adjustment of the space between individual letter forms. Example: Tightening the space between 'A' and 'V'.

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Tracking

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Adjusting the spacing uniformly over a range of characters. Example: Expanding the spacing of a full word or sentence for effect.

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Ascender

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The part of a lowercase letter that extends above the main body of the letter (above the x-height). Example: 'b', 'd', 'h'.

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Descender

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The part of a lowercase letter that extends below the baseline. Example: 'p', 'q', 'y'.

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X-height

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The height of the lowercase letters, specifically the height of the letter 'x', which generally represents the height of all lowercase letters in a font. Example: In 'Helvetica', the x-height is half of the cap height.

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Baseline

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The line upon which most letters sit and below which descenders extend. Example: In most texts, letters align along a baseline which is invisible.

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Cap height

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The height of a capital letter measured from the baseline. Example: This is the height of capital letters like 'H' or 'I', exclusive of any ascender or extended feature.

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Italic

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A font style that slants to the right, used for emphasis or as a separate design element. Example: Most word processors include an 'Italic' button for slanting text.

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Bold

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A typeface that is rendered with thicker strokes, making letters more pronounced and darker than the regular form. Example: Headlines often use bold typefaces for emphasis.

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Ligature

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Two or more letters combined into a single character for aesthetic or functional purposes. Example: The combined 'fi' in some typefaces to prevent collision of letters.

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Glyph

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An element of writing in the composed type that might include characters, numerals, punctuation, or symbols. Example: The '@' symbol is considered a glyph.

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Typeface

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The design of a set of characters, including letters, numbers, and symbols, that share common design features. Example: 'Helvetica' is one of the most popular typefaces.

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Typography

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The art and technique of arranging type to make written language readable and visually appealing. Example: The layout of a book, from its font to the spacing of the letters, is part of its typography.

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Font

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A specific size, weight, and style of a typeface. Example: 'Helvetica Neue Bold Italic 12pt' is a font, Helvetica is a typeface.

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Point size

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A measure of the size of characters in a typeface, not necessarily reflective of the actual size of any specific character. Example: A 12-point type usually measures about 1/6 inch.

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Orphans

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Single lines at the beginning of a page or paragraph, separated from the rest of the text block. Example: A paragraph that begins on the last line of a page, leaving a single 'orphan' line.

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Widows

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Single lines at the end of a paragraph, left alone at the top of a page. Example: A paragraph ending that leaves a single 'widow' line at the start of the following page.

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