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The increased lift and decreased aerodynamic drag that an aircraft's wings generate when they are close to a fixed surface.

The point on the airfoil or wing where the pitching moment is constant with changes in the angle of attack.

A region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved.

A principle that states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

The layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.

The design or provide with a form that presents very little resistance to a flow of air or water, increasing speed and ease of movement.

The force that directly opposes the weight of an airplane and holds the airplane in the air. Lift is generated by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil.

A type of fluid (air) flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, as opposed to laminar flow, where the fluid moves in smooth paths or layers.

The vertical force exerted downwards onto a vehicle, improving the car’s stability and grip on the road.

The angle between the chord line of a wing or airfoil and the direction of the oncoming airstream.

Noise that is generated by a solid object moving through air. This happens because the object creates turbulence in the air, which in turn creates noise.

The resistance force caused by the motion of a car through air, it acts in the opposite direction to the motion.

A dimensionless number that quantifies the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water.

The rotation around the vertical axis of a vehicle, most notably an airplane, which changes the direction the vehicle's nose is pointing, left or right.